S3BUCA.T2QXSr.&:b SEEISS^ 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR 

ft- THE 



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By 


LATIN TONGUE. 


THOMAS GOODWIN, A.B. 

Price One Shilling. 


LONDON: JOHN WSALE, 1854-53 








79H 







I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. % 



Chap. ..?A.tM^ 
Shelf _ c ^.fe.*3 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, i 



A PRACTICAL GRAMMAR 



THE LATIN TONGUE, 

CONTAINING 

THE INFLECTIONS AND 

ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF TRANSLATION 

AND CONSTRUCTION, 

Intended for Use in Schools, 

AND ADAPTED 

TO THE EXIGENCIES OF SELF-INSTRUCTING STUDENTS. 



THOMAS GOODWIN, A.B. 

HEAD MASTER 
OP THE GREENWICH PROPRIETARY SCHOOL. 




ilotttron: 
JOHN WEALE, 59, HIGH HOLBOEK 

MDCCCLIY. 






^ 



LONDON : 

gilbert and rivington, printers, 

st. John's square. 



PREFACE. 



Notwithstanding that some people, in obedience to utilitarian 
principles, in many instances falsely so called, have of late 
years sought to decry the classical languages as a medium of 
training for the youthful mind, they still retain their place in 
the curriculum of school studies ; and a knowledge of the Latin 
language is beginning to be cultivated even by those teachers who 
conduct national schools, more or less in amount, according as 
they are anxious to place their schools in a position to entitle 
them to look for some of the rewards proposed by Government 
for successful teaching. This is as it should be. Apart from 
the necessity of a classical education imposed on those designed 
for professional avocations, the training and discipline of the 
mind, and the exercise thereof in correct and even deep thinking 
induced by such studies, enable a youth accustomed thereto to 
exhibit, according to the testimony of every unprejudiced 
observer, an amount of intelligence and a vigour of mind, far, 
very far superior to those of the youth, who, equal to him in 
respect of every other advantage and endowment, has not had 
the opportunity of such training. 

To facilitate a study so useful is the purpose of the following 
little work. It has long been the opinion of the writer thereof, 
and of many other teachers known to him, — an opinion confirmed 
by the practical experience of the school-room for many years, — 

a 2 



IV PREFACE. 

that something may yet be done to systematize the efforts of the 
anxious student, and obviate the many difficulties he finds in his 
path towards the temple of classical learning. To involve a 
student, after the acquisition by him of some knowledge of the 
inflections of words, in the perplexing mazes of the " Propria 
quae maribus" and " As in praesenti" — the asses' bridge, in too 
many educational establishments, even in this somewhat practical 
day, of Latin literature — is not only inefficient as a system of 
instruction, but often creates such discouragement in the mind of 
many a learner, as causes him to give up in disgust the attempt to 
acquire a knowledge of Latin as wholly unaccomplishable, and 
thus not unfrequently tends to swell the tide of prejudice 
against this often indispensable and always invigorating study. 
The Delectus commonly in use as the first introduction to Latin 
translation and construction, is defective in that want of arrange- 
ment and elucidation of principle after principle progressively, 
according to the capacity of the learner to understand and follow, 
which should exhibit themselves in the pages of a book designed 
for the use of a beginner, and especially for that class of beginners 
who labour without the assistance of a viva voce teacher. The 
distinctive plan of the following Treatise has been conceived with 
a view to obviate this want ; and the conviction in the mind of 
the writer that the elucidation of a few of the great leading 
principles of Latin construction, by examples judiciously selected 
and progressively arranged, is the best method which an ele- 
mentary work can adopt, has been acted on as an axiom in the 
execution of the plan. The sentences are from the best Latin 
authors, and the rules and observations thereon are so system- 
atized, that a learner never meets with a principle of construction 
in one sentence, which has not been laid down and explained in 
some foregoing one. It is not meant to be asserted that rules 
and principles are seen to result from each other in the construc- 
tion of a language, as propositions in geometry ; but it is asserted 
that there exists no reason why, in a work intended to help the 



PREFACE. V 

student of a language out of difficulties, there should be presented 
to him sentences involving, to his great discouragement, prin- 
ciples never before grappled with. The notes on the passages 
quoted will be found, it is thought, serviceable to the student 
in comparing the idioms of the Latin with those of his own 
language, and, by referring back continually to the principles 
illustrated by particular forms of words, they make provision 
whereby such principles may be indelibly impressed on his 
memory, and at the same time render it necessary for him to 
think for himself, instead of leaning too much on the ill- directed 
assistance of others. Philological and theoretical disquisitions 
have been cautiously avoided, as calculated to confuse rather 
than inform the learner ; a copia verborum, a matter of primary 
importance, is supplied in the sentences furnished ; and it is 
confidently hoped that, when the diligent and anxious student 
wades through the pages of this and another book to follow on a 
similar plan, he will have acquired such knowledge of the 
principles of construction of the Latin tongue as will enable him 
" to swim without the cork," and master the difficulties which 
may be presented to him in reading the works of any Latin 
author. A book, after all, is but a teacher, and the legitimate 
province of a teacher is but to help out of difficulties. No royal 
road has as yet been discovered leading to the temple of learning. 
The writer of this little work has as little faith as any one in the 
utility and success of works professedly designed to make know- 
ledge easy, and desires earnestly to impress on the minds of 
those who may address themselves for assistance to the following 
pages, that no aid can obviate the necessity of deep and anxious 
study, and no book, however judiciously written, can supply the 
place of painstaking and laborious assiduity on their part. 

It is little more than three months since an arrangement was 
entered into with the publisher for the publication of this book. 
The shortness of the time permitted for the writing thereof, and 
the numerous distractions caused by the conduct, on the part of 



VI .PREFACE. 

the writer, of a large and important educational institution, num- 
bering 270 pupils, together with other professional engagements, 
will probably cause some imperfections to attach to the work ; 
but it is hoped that those for whose use it is specially designed 
will see in it, if no more, the one merit of making a step in a 
right direction, and of, at all events, seeking to aid the great 
cause of popular education. 

T. G. 

Greenwich, May, 1854. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Introductory Remarks 1 

On the Noun ib. 

First Declension 2 

Second Declension ib. 

Third Declension 3 

Fourth Declension ib. 

Fifth Declension ib. 

Exercises on the Declension of Nouns 4 

On the Adjective 6 

Declension of Adjectives ib. 

Comparison of Adjectives 7 

Exercises on the Declension of Adjectives 8 

On the Pronoun 9 

On the Verb 11 

First Conjugation 12 

Second Conjugation 14 

Third Conjugation 10 

Fourth Conjugation 19 

Conjugation of Verbs Passive — First Conjugation 24 

Second Conjugation 20 

Third Conjugation 28 

Fourth Conjugation 30 

Exercises on the Verbs 32 

Irregular Verbs 35 

Defective Verbs 39 

The Adverb 41 

The Preposition 42 

The Conjunction ib. 

The Interjection ib. 

Definitions and Explanations of Terms used in the Latin Construction 

and Translation 43 

Latin Construction and Translation 44 

First Set of Rules thereon ib. 

Sentences illustrative thereof 45 

Instructions ib. 

Questions on the Analysis of the foregoing Sentences 48 



Vlll CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Observations on foregoing Rules 49 

Sentences illustrating the foregoing Observations 50 

Notes on foregoing Sentences 53 

Questions thereon 56 

Second Set of Rules 57 

Sentences illustrating the whole of the foregoing Rules and 

Observations 58 

Notes thereon , . . . 62 

Third Set of Rules 69 

Sentences illustrative thereof 70 

Notes thereon 82 

Dictionary of Words 97 



LATIN GRAMMAR. 



INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 

1. All the words of the Latin language are subdivided, for the 
sake of convenience, into eight heads, called classes of words, or 
parts of speech. 

2. These are — noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, pre- 
position, conjunction, interjection. 

3. Of these the four first admit of inflexion; the adverb, in 
some instances, admits of comparison ; and the three last named 
are not modified in any form whatever. 

4. The inflexion of a word is the change, generally of termina- 
tion, it undergoes in order to the expression of a difference of 
idea. 

5. This change, when the noun, pronoun, or adjective is re- 
ferred to, is usually called declension ; when the verb, conjugation. 

On the Noun, i.e. the name for any being or thing which may serve 
as the subject of discourse. 

6. To nouns belong gender, number, person, and case. 

7. The genders of nouns are three — masculine, feminine, and 
neuter. 

8. Some nouns, the names of animals, which maybe masculine 
or feminine, are called common, as parens, a parent. 

Note. — The doubtful gender has no existence in reality, and 
only means that a particular word is treated by one writer as 
masculine, by another as feminine. 

9. The number of nouns is twofold, singular and plural ; the 
former is used when one object is denoted, the latter when two or 
more. 

10. The persons of nouns are three — first, second, and third. 
A noun standing for the speaker is said to be of the first, and for the 

B 



2 ON THE NOUN. 

person spoken to, of the second person ; all other nouns, however 
used, are said to belong to the third person. 

11. The case of a noun, pronoun, or adjective is the form it 
takes in its declension. 

12. There are six cases in the Latin language — nominative, 
genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, and ablative. 

Note. — The participle is sometimes regarded as a distinct class 
of words, but, practically considered as to its functions and declen- 
sion, belongs to the class adjective. 

13. The nouns of the Latin language, as regards their declen- 
sion, are subdivided into five classes, distinguished by the termina- 
tion of their genitive singular. 

FIRST DECLENSION. 

The genitive singular ends in ce. 





SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Nom. 


mensa 


mensae 


Gen. 


mensae 


mensarum 


Dat. 


mensae 


mensis 


Ace. 


mensam 


mensas 


Voc. 


mensa 


mensae 


Abl. 


mensa 


mensis. 



Note 1. The nouns of this declension, with few exceptions, are 
of the feminine gender. 

Note 2, Filia, nata, anima, socia, serva, and asina make the 
dative and ablative plural to end in is or abus ; and dea, mula, 
equa, and liberta terminate in these cases in abus only. 

SECOND DECLENSION. 

The genitive singular ends in i. 





SING. 


PLUR. 


Nom. 


magister 


magistri 


Gen. 


magistri 


magistrorum 


Dat. 


magistro 


magistris 


Ace. 


magistrum 


magistros 


Voc. 


magister 


magistri 


Abl. 


magistro 


magistris. 



Note 1. When the nominative singular of this declension ends 
in us, the vocative will end in e : as, nominative, dominus ; voca- 
tive, domine. Deus, however, makes deus in the vocative. 

Note 2. Proper names, that is, the names of particular indi- 
viduals, ending in ius, form the vocative by omitting the us : as, 
Virgilius; vocative, Virgili. Filius and genius follow this 'rule 
in the formation of their vocative. 



ON THE NOUN. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 

The genitive singular ends in is. 





SING. 


PLUR. 


Nom. 


nubes 


nubes 


Gen. 


nubis 


nubium 


Dat. 


nubi 


nubibus 


Ace. 


nubem 


nubes 


Voc. 


nubes 


nubes 


Abl. 


nube 


nubibus. 



Note 1. The genitive plural of this declension in some words 
makes urn, in others ium, in the termination. 

Note 2. Nouns of the neuter gender, of whatever declension, 
make the nominative, accusative, and vocative alike, and these 
cases in the plural number end in a; in their other cases they 
follow the termination of their proper declension. This note is 
appended here, because nouns of the neuter gender, with but few 
exceptions, belong to the second or third declension. 

Note 3. When the nominative singular of a noun of the third 
declension ends in e, if it be of the neuter gender, the ablative 
will end in i ; and the nominative plural of such will be formed 
by adding a to the ablative ; the genitive plural also will end in 
ium : thus, nominative, hastile ; ablative, hastili ; nominative 
plural, hastilia ; genitive, hastilium. 

FOURTH DECLENSION, 

The genitive singular ends in us. 

SING. PLUR. 

Nom. manus manus 

Gen. manus manuum 

Dat. manui manibus 

Ace. manum manus 

Voc. manus manus 

Abl. manu manibus. 

FIFTH DECLENSION. 

The genitive singular ends in ei. 





SING. 


PLUR. 


Nom. 


acies 


acies 


Gen. 


aciei 


acierum 


Dat. 


aciei 


aciebus 


Ace. 


aciem" 


acies 


Voc. 


acies 


acies 


Abl. 


acie 

B 2 


aciebus. 



ON THE NOUN. 



Notes on the jive Declensions, 

1. The nominative and vocative singular of a noun, with few 
exceptions, which obtain mostly in the second declension (see 
Notes 1 and 2, Second Declension), are alike, so are also the 
nominative and vocative plural. 

2. The dative and ablative singular of the second declension 
are alike, so also are the dative and ablative plural of all declen- 
sions. 

The following table of the terminations of the several cases of 
nouns may serve in some measure to facilitate the learning 
thereof : — 



SING. 

1 2 3 4 5 

N. may terminate in any manner 

G. se i is us ei 

D. £e o i ui ei 

Ace. am um em urn em 
Vuc. like the nominative 

Abh a o e or i u e 



PLUR. 

1 2 3 4 5 

se i es us es 

arum orum um, ium uum erum 

is or abus is bus ibus ebus 

as os es us es 

like the nominative 
like the dative. 



EXERCISES ON THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 

Note, — The learner will be careful to attend to the declension 
and gender of the following nouns : the former will be indicated 
by the genitive singular, and the latter by the initial letter of the 
gender of each noun. This, with attention to the notes already 
given, will be sufficient to ensure accuracy in every instance. 

Mel, mellis, n. 
Cor, cordis, n. 
Aqua, aquae, f. 
Poeta, poetae, m. 
Ovum, ovi, n. 
Agnus, agni, m. 
Ager, agri, m. 
Tribus, tribus, f. 
Lex, legis, f. 
Corpus, corporis, r 
Cubile, cubilis, n. 
Scriba, scribae, m. 
Virga, virgae, f. 
Flatus, flatus, m. 
Versus, versus, m. 
Acus, acus, f. 
Os, oris, n. 
Fides, fidei, f. 
Species, speciei, f. 



honey 


Mus, muris, m. 


a mouse 


the heart 


Sedes, sedis, f. 


a seat 


water 


Glacies, glaciei, f. 


ice 


a poet 


Imago, imaginis, f. 


an image 


an egg 


Sal, salis, m. 


salt 


a lamb 


Pes, pedis, m. 


a foot 


a field 


Digitus, digiti, m. 


a finger 


a tribe 


Leo, leonis, m. 


a lion 


a law 


Dolor, doloris, m. 


grief 


a body 


Mens, mentis, f. 


the mind 


a bed 


Hastile, hastilis, n. 


a spear 


a scribe 


Monile, monilis, n. 


a necklace 


a rod 


M armor, marmoris, 


n. marble 


a blast 


Mons, montis, m. 


a mountain 


a verse 


Rex, regis, m. 


a king 


a needle 


Scurra, scurrae, m. 


a scoffer 


a mouth 


Sponsus, sponsi, m. 


a bridegroom 


faith 


Aper, apri, m. 


a boar 


a species 


Gigas, gigantis, m. 


a giant 



ON THE NOUN. 



Crinis, crinis, m. 
Brachium, brachii, n. 
Mas, maris, m. 
Dens, dentis, m. 
Arbor, arboris, f. 
Vas, vasis, n. 
Calcar, calcaris, n. 
Ars, artis, f. 
Caro, carnis, f. 
Res, rei, f. 
Currus, currus, m. 
Facies, faciei, f. 
Macies, maciei, f. 
Pellis, pellis, f. 
Lepus, leporis, m. 
Lapis, lapidis, m. 
Grsecia, Grseciae, f. 
Cupressus, cupressi, i 



Annus, anni, m. 
Anna, Annae, f. 
Anus, anus, f. 
Capra, caprse, f. 



hair 

an arm 

a male 

a tooth 

a tree 

a vessel 

a spur 

a trade 

flesh 

a thing 

a chariot 

a face 

leanness 

the skin 

a hare 

a stone 

Greece a 

a cypress 

tree 

a year 

Ann 

an old woman 

a she-goat 



Cato, Catonis, m. Cato 

Cinis, cineris, m. ashes 

Athleta, athletae, m. a wrestler 
Bacchus, Bacchi, m. Bacchus 
Britannia, Britannise, f. Britain 
Conditor, conditoris,m. a builder 
Apollo, Apollinis, m. Apollo 
Callis, callis, m. a path 

Eboracum, Eboraci, n. York 
Eremus, eremi, f. a desert 

Fustis, fustis, m. a club 

Literae b , literarum, f. an epistle 
Minse, minarum, f. trifles 

Nugae, nugarum, f. threats 

Ferise, feriarum, f. holidays 

Rostra, rostrorum, n. a pulpit 
Exta, extorum, n. entrails 

Athense c , Athenarum, f. Athens 
Iter, itineris, n. 
Axis, axis, m. 
Cyprus, Cypri, f. 



Caulis, caulis, m. 



a journey 
an axle-tree 
the island 
Cyprus 
a stalk 



Notes. 

a. Proper names have no plural, except such as want the 
singular. 

b. When a noun has no singular, its declension may be ascer- 
tained by its genitive plural. 

c. Consult note a. 

Note also, some nouns are not declined ; that is, have the 
same form in whatever case they may be used. Such nouns are 
mostly, if not always, used as nominatives and accusatives, as 
fas, nefas, nihil, &c. &c. 

Some nouns, moreover, are used in some cases and not in 
others: as, genitive, spontis ; ablative, sponte, of one's own ac- 
cord. Nominative, vis, force ; accusative, vim ; ablative, vi 
(the latter nouri has all the cases in the plural number, and is 
regularly declined thus : 

Nom. vires Gen. virium Dat. viribus 

Ace. vires Voc. vires Abl. viribus). 



B 3 



6 ON THE ADJECTIVE, 

ON THE ADJECTIVE. 

The adjective expresses the state or quality of the noun. 

The English adjective is not inflected ; the Latin adjective is 
inflected in gender, number, and case. 

The Latin adjective is declined according to the declension of 
nouns. 

The adjective in Latin is declined with three, two, and one 
termination. 

An adjective whose nominative case singular has three termi- 
nations, is declined like the first and second declension of nouns ; 
the adjective in the feminine form is declined like the first, in the 
masculine and neuter form like the second declension. 

An adjective whose nominative has two terminations or one, is 
inflected like the third declension of nouns. 

When an adjective in any of its cases has three terminations, 
the first is masculine, the second feminine, and the third neuter ; 
when it has two terminations, the first is masculine and feminine, 
and the second neuter ; and when it has only one termination, it 
is of all genders. 

DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 



SING. 

Nom. bonus bona bonum 

Gen. boni bonae boni 

Dat. bono bonse bono 

Ace. bonum bonam bonum 

Voc. bone bona bonum 

Abl. bono bona bono 



boni bonse bona 

bonorum bonarum bonorum 

bonis 

bonos bonas bona 

boni bonae bona 

bonis. 



Nom. 


tristis 


te 


tristes 


tia 


Gen. 
Dat. 


tristis 
tristi 




tristium 
tristibus 




Ace. 


tristem 


te 


tristes 


tia 


Voc. 


tristis 


te 


tristes 


tia 


Abl. 


tristi 




tristibus. 




Nom. 


prudens 




prudentes 


tia 


Gen. 


prudentis 




prudentium 




Dat. 


prudenti 




prudentibus 




Ace. 


prudentem 


prudens 


prudentes 


tia 


Voc. 


prudens 




prudentes 


tia 


Abl. 


prudente or i 




prudentibus. 





Note 1. Ambo and duo have no singular, and have a declension 
peculiar to themselves. 



ON THE ADJECTIVE 







PLURAL. 




Nora. 


ambo 


ambse 


ambo 


Gen. 


amborura 


ambarum 


amborum 


Dat. 


ambobus 


ambabus 


ambobus 


Ace. 


ambos 


ambas 


ambo 


Voc. 


ambo 


ambae 


ambo 


Abl. 


ambobus 


ambabus 


ambobus. 



Note 2. Some adjectives of three terminations, as anus, totus, 
solus, ullus, nullus, alter, uter, neuter, unlike bonus, make the 
genitive in ius and the dative in i : thus, unus, una, unum ; geni- 
tive, unius; dative, uni. In their other cases they follow the 
declension of bonus. 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

Adjectives have three degrees of comparison — the positive, the 
comparative, and the superlative. 

The positive is the adjective in its simple state, as tristis. 

The comparative is formed from the first case of the positive 
which ends in i, by adding thereto or to make the masculine and 
feminine, and us for the neuter: thus, dative, tristi ; comparative, 
tristior, tristius. 

Note 1. The first case of an adjective of one or two termi- 
nations which ends in i is the dative, of an adjective of three 
terminations is the genitive. The superlative is formed by adding 
ssimus to the same part ; as, tristi, tristissimus. 

Note 2. The superlative degree is declined like bonus. The 
following is a model of the declension of the comparative : — 





SING. 




PLUR 




Nom. 


tristior 


tristius 


tristiores 


tristiora 


Gen. 


tristioris 




tristiorum 




Dat. 


tristiori 




tristiori bus 




Ace. 


tristiorem 


tristius 


tristiores 


tristiora 


Voc. 


tristior 


tristius 


tristiores 


tristiora 


Abl. 


tristiore or 


tristiori 


tristioribus. 





Note 3. If a vowel precede us in the positive, the degrees are 
formed usually by prefixing the adverb magis for the comparative, 
and maxime for the superlative : as, pius, magis plus, maxime 
pius. 

Note 4. If the positive end in er, the superlative is formed by 
adding thereto rimus : as, teter ; superlative, teterrirnus. 

The following adjectives have a peculiar formation in the 
superlative : — 

b4 



ON THE ADJECTIVE. 





POSITIVE. 


SUPERLATIVE. 




Agilis 
Facilis 


agillimus 
facillimus 




Gracilis 
Humilis 


gracillimus 
humillimus 




Docilis 


docillimus 




Similis 


simillimus. 


ie following 


adjectives are irregular in their comparisc 


POSITIVE 


COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE. 


Bonus 


melior 


optimus 


Malus 

Magnus 

Parvus 


pejor 
major 
minor 


pessimus 
maximus 
minimus 


Multus 


plus 


plurimus 


Dives 


ditior 


ditissimus 


Nequam 
Exterus 


nequior 
exterior 


nequissimus 
extremus 


Inferus 


inferior 


infimus, imus 


Posterus 


posterior 


postremus 


Superus 


superior 


supremus, summus 




interior 


intimus 


Juvenis 


junior 




Senex 


senior 






prior 


primus 




propior 
ulterior 


proximus 
ultimus 




deterior 


deterrimus 




anterior. 





Note. — Some adjectives having no superlative of their own, 
procure it by a combination of words : thus, senex, old, makes 
maximus natu, the greatest by age, i. e. oldest ; juvenis, young, 
minimus natu, least by age, i. e. youngest. 



EXERCISES ON THE DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 



Durus, a, um, hard 
Tener, a, um, tender 
Pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful 
Gelidus, a, um, cold 
Squalidus, a, um, filthy 
Facillimus, a, um, most easy 



like bonus. 



ON THE PRONOUN. 



Impubis, e, beardless 
Humilis, e, low or humble 
Agilis, e, nimble 
Facilis, e, easy 
Gravis, e, weighty 

Iners, Gen. inertis, sluggish 

Anceps, — ancipitis, doubtful 

A mans, — amantis, loving 

Audax, — audacis, daring 

Ferox, — ferocis, fierce 

Inops, — inopis, poor 

Durior, us, Gen. durioris, harder 
Puchrior, us, — oris, fairer 

Humilior, us, — — more humble 

Facilior, us, — — easier 

Agilior, us, — — more nimble 



> like tristis. 



like prudens. 



like tristior. 



ON THE PRONOUN. 

A pronoun (pro, for, nomen, a name) is a word used instead of 
a noun. 

Pronouns admit of person, gender, number, and case. They 
are usually classified into personal, possessive, demonstrative, 
and relative ; and, unlike the noun and the adjective, are not 
reducible as to their inflexion to any heads or classes. 

The personal pronouns are ego, tu, sui, and are thus de- 
clined : — 





SING. 


PLUR. 




SING. 


PLUR. 


Nom. 


ego 


nos 




tu 


vos 


Gen. 


mei 


nostrum, 


nostri 


tui 


ve^trum, vestri 


Dat. 


mihi 


nobis 




tibi 


vobis 


Ace. 


me 


nos 




te 


vos 


Voc. 
Abl. 


wanting 
me 


wanting 
nobis. 




tu 
te 


vos 
vobis. 



Sui has only some cases, and is the same in both numbers. 
Gen. sui Ace. se and sese 

Dat. sibi Abl. se and sese. 

The possessive pronous are meus, tuus, suus, cujus, noster, 
vester ; they are declined like bonus, except that meus makes mi 
in the vocative singular, masculine gender ; and that all the 
others, except noster, want the vocative. 

Note. — Nostras, vestras, and cujas are declined like an adjective 
of one termination : thus, nominative, nostras ; genitive, nostratis, 
&c. &c. 

B 5 



i 



10 



ON THE PRONOUN. 



The demonstrative pronouns are hie, ille, iste, and ipse 
are thus declined : — 



and 







SING. 






PLUR. 




Nom. 


hie 


haec 


hoc 


hi 


hae 


haec 


Gen. 




hujus 




horum 


harum 


horum 


Dat. 




huic 






his 




Ace. 


hunc 


hanc 


hoc 


hos 


has 


haec 


Voc. 
Abl. 


hoc 


wanting 
hac 


hoc 




wanting 
his. 




Nom. 


ille 


ilia 


illud 


illi 


illse 


ilia 


Gen. 




illius 




illorum 


illarum 


illorum 


Dat. 




illi 






illis 




Ace. 


ilium 


illam 


illud 


illos 


ill as 


ilia 


Voc. 
Abl. 


illo 


wanting 
ilia 


illo 




wanting 
illis. 





Iste is similarly declined, and also ipse, except that the latter 
makes ipsum in the nominative, accusative, and vocative 
singular. 







SING. 






PLUR. 




Nom. 


is 


ea 


id 


ii 


eae 


ea 


Gen. 




ejus 




eorum 


earum 


eorum 


Dat. 




ei 






iis or eis 




Ace. 


eum 


earn 


id 


eos 


eas 


ea 


Voc. 




wanting 






wanting 




Abl. 


eo 


ea 


eo 




iis or eis. 





In like manner is declined idem (for isderri), a compound of is, 
except that in the accusative singular, masculine gender, it makes 
eundem. 

The relative pronoun qui is thus declined :— 

SING. 

Nom. qui quae quod 

Gen. cujus 

Dat. cui 

Ace. quem quam quod 

Voc. wanting 

Abl. quo qua quo or qui 

The compounds of qui are similarly declined : quidam, a cer- 
tain person ; quivis and quilibet, any one ; and quicunque, who- 
soever. 

The interrogative quis, who, or what, is declined like qui, ex- 
cept that it makes quid or quod in the neuter. 



PLUR. 




qui quae 


quae 


quorum quarum 


quorum 


quibus or queis 




quos quas 


quae 


wanting 




quibus or queis. 





ON THE VERB. 11 

Aliquis, some one, is declined like quis, except that its nomina- 
tive singular, feminine gender, is aliqua. 

ON THE VERB. 

A verb expresses the action of, or the receiving of an action 
by its subject : when the subject acts, the verb is called active ; 
when it receives an act, the verb is called passive. These are 
the two great subdivisions of the verb family. Some verbs are 
called by other names indicative of some property connected 
therewith ; these will be considered hereafter. 

Verbs are inflected with number, person, mood, and tense. 

The number and person of the verb are the same as the 
number and person of the noun and pronoun. 

As far as inflexion is concerned, there are but four moods— the 
indicative, imperative, potential, and infinitive. 

Note. — The subjunctive is the same as the potential, and is 
attached dependency to another verb to express some condition 
or limitation thereof. 

The tenses are five — present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, 
and future. 

Active verbs are classified into four heads, called conjuga- 
tions, distinguished one from the other by the vowel and its 
quantity which precedes re, the termination of the infinitive 
mood. 

The first conjugation has a long before re, as amdre. 

The second has e long, as docere. 

The third has e short, as legere. 

The fourth has i long, as audire. 

The radical parts of an active verb, i. e. the parts from which 
the others are formed, are the present indicative, the perfect 
indicative, and the first supine. 

The radical parts of the active verb in the several conjugations 
are as follows : — 



1 


amo 


amavi 


amatum 


2 


doceo 


docui 


doctum 


3 


lego 


legi _ 


lectum 


4 


audio 


audivi 


auditum. 



The following will serve as a model of the conjugation of active 
verbs in the several conjugations. 



b 6 



12 



ON THE VERB. 



FIRST CONJUGATION.— Amo. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

1. Present Tense. 



Sing. 



am-o, 
am-as, 
am-at, 
Plur. am-amus, 
am-atis, 
am-ant, 



Sing, am-abam, 
am-abas, 
am-abat, 

Plur. am-abamus, 
am-abatis, 
am-abant, 



I love, am loving, or do love 
thou lovest, art loving, or dost love 
he loveth, is loving, or doth love 
we love, are loving, or do love 
ye love, are loving, or do love 
they love, are loving, or do love, 

2. Imperfect Tense. 

I did love, or was loving 
thou didst love, or wast loving 
he did love, or was loving 
we did love, or were loving 
ye did love, or were loving 
they did love, or were loving. 



Sing, amav-i, 

amav-isti, 

amav-it, 
Plur. amav-imus, 

amav-istis, 

amav-erunt, vel -ere, 



3. Perfect Tense. 

/ loved, or have loved 
thou lovedst, or hast loved 
he loved, or hath loved 
we loved,, or have loved 
ye loved, or have loved 
they loved, or have loved. 



Sing, amav-eram, 
amav-eras, 
amav-erat, 

Plur. amav-eramus, 
amav-eratis, 
amav-erant, 



Sing. 



Plur. 



am-abo, 

am-abis, 

am-abit, 

am-abimus, 

am-abitis, 

am-abunt, 



. Pluperfect Tense. 

/ had loved 
thou hadst loved 
he had loved 
we had loved 
ye had loved 
they had loved. 

5. Future Tense. 

/ shall, or will love 
thou shalt, or wilt love 
he shall, or will love 
we shall, or will love 
ye shall, or will love 
they shall, or will love. 



ON THE VERB. 



13 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

No first Person. 



Sing. 


am-a, am-ato, 


love thou, or do thou love 




am-et, am-ato, 


love he> or let him love 


Plur. 


am-emus, 


love we, or let us love 




am-ate, am-atote 


, love ye, or do ye love 




am-ent, am-anto 


love they, or let them love. 




POTENTIAL MOOD. 




1. 


Present Tense. 


Sing. 


am-em, 


/ may, or can love 




am-es, 


thou mayst, or canst love 




am-et, 


he may, or can love 


Plur. 


am-emus, 


we may, or can love 




am-etis, 


ye may, or can love 




am-ent, 


they may, or can love. 




2. 


Imperfect Tense. 


Sing. 


am-arem, 


/ might, or could love 




am -ares, 


thou might 'si. or could' st love 




am-aret, 


he might, or could love 


Plur. 


am-aremus, 


we might, or could love 




am-aretis, 


ye might, or could love 




am-arent, 


they might, or could love. 




3. 


Perfect Tense. 


Sing. 


amav-erim, 


I should have loved 




amav-eris, 


thou should 'st have loved 




amav-erit, 


he should have loved 


Plur. 


amav-erimus, 


we should have loved 




amav-eritis, 


ye should have loved 




amav-erint, 


they should have loved. 




4. 


Pluperfect Tense. 


Sing. 


amav-issem, 


/ would have loved 




amav-isses, 


thou would'st have loved 




amav-isset, 


he would have loved 


Plur. 


amav-issemus, 


we would have loved 




amav-issetis, 


ye would have loved 




amav-issent, 


they would have loved. 




5 


Future Tense. 


Sing. 


amav-ero, 


/ shall have loved 




amav-eris, 


thou shalt have loved 




amav-erit, 


he shall have loved 


Plur. 


amav-erimus, 


we shall have loved 




amav eritis, 


ye shall have loved 




amav-erint, 


they shall have loved. 



14 ON THE VERB. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present, and Imperfect Tense. 

am-are, to love. 

Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense. 

amav-isse, to have loved. 

Future Tense. 

amatu-rum esse, to be about to love, 

GERUNDS. 

aman-di, of loving 

aman-do, in loving 

aman-dum, „o love. 

SUPINES. 

Active. Passive, 

amat-um, to love. amat-u, to be loved. 

participles. 
Present Tense. Future in rus. 

amans, loving. amatu-rus, about to love. 

SECOND CONJUGATION.— Moneo. 
indicative mood. 

1. Present Tense. 

Sing, mon-eo, / advise, am advising, or do advise 

mon-es, thou advisest, art advising, or dost advise 

mon-et, he adviseth, is advising, or doth advise 

Plur. mon-emus, we advise, are advising, or do advise 

mon-etis, ye advise, are advising, or do advise 

mon-ent, they advise, are advising, or do advise. 

2. Imperfect Tense. 

Sing, mon-ebam, / did advise, or was advising 

mon-ebas, thou didst advise, or wast advising 

mon-ebat, he did advise, or was advising 

Plur. mon-ebamus, we did advise, or were advising 

mon-ebatis, ye did advise, or were advising 

mon-ebant, they did advise, or were advising. 

3. Perfect Tense. 

Sing, monu-i, / advised, or have advised 

monu-isti, thou advisedst, or hast advised 

monu-it, he advised, or hath advised 

Plur. monu-i mus, we advised, or have advised 

monu-istis, ye advised, or have advised 

monu-erunt, v. -ere, they advised, or have advised. 



ON THE VERB. 



15 



Sing. 
Plur. 



Sing. 
Plur. 

Sing. 
Plur. 

Sing. 
Plur. 



4. Pluperfect Tense, 

monu-eram, / had advised 

monu-eras, thou hadst advised 

monu-erat, he had advised 

monu-eramus, we had advised 

monu-eratis, ye had advised 

monu-erant, they had advised, 

5. Future Tense. 

/ shall, or will advise 
thou shalt, or wilt advise 
he shall, or will advise 
we shall, or will advise 
ye shall, or will advise 
they shall, or will advise. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

No first Person. 

advise thou, or do thou advise 
advise he, or let him advise 
advise- we, or let us advise 
advise ye, or do ye advise 
advise they, or let them advise. 



Sii 



Plur. 



Sing, mone-bo, 
mone-bis, 
mone-bit, 

Plur. mone-bimus, 
mone-bitis, 
mone-bunt, 



mon-e, mon-eto, 
mon-eat, mon-eto, 
mon-eamus, 
mon-ete, mon-etote, 
mon-eant, mon-ento, 



POTENTIAL MOOD. 



1. 



mone- 
mone- 
mone- 
mone- 
mone- 
mone- 



am, 

as, 

at, 

amus, 

atis, 

ant, 



mone- 

mone- 

mone- 

mone- 

mone-retis, 

mone-rent, 



rem, 
res, 
ret, 
remus, 



monu- 
monu- 
monu- 
monu 
monu- 
monu- 



enm, 

eris, 

erit, 

erimus, 

eritis, 

erint, 



Present Tense. 

/ may, or can advise 
thou may'st, or canst advise 
he may, or can advise 
we may, or can advise 
ye may, or can advise 
they may, or can advise. 

. Imperfect Tense. 

" / might, or could advise 
thou might' st, or couloVst advise 
he might, or could advise 
we might, or could advise 
ye might, or could advise 
they might, or could advise. 

3. Perfect Tense. 

/ should have advised 
thou should'st have advised 
he should have advised 
we should have advised 
ye should have advised 
they should have advised. 



16 ON THE VERB. 

4. Pluperfect Tense. 

Sing, monu-issem, I would have advised 

monu-isses, thou would'st have advised 

monu-isset, he would have advised 

Plur. monu-issemus, we would have advised 

monu-issetis, ye would have advised 

monu-issent, they would have advised. 

5. Future Tense. 

Sing, monu-ero, I shall have advised 

monu-eris, thou shalt have advised 

monu-erit, he shall have advised 

Plur. monu-erimus, we shall have advised 

monu-eritis, ye shall have advised 

monu-erint, they shall have advised. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present, and Imperfect Tense. 

mon-ere, to advise. 

Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense. 

, monu-isse, to have advised. 

Future Tense. 

monitu-rum esse, to be about to advise. 

GERUNDS. 

monen-di, of advising 

monen-do, in advising 

monen-dum, to advise. 

SUPINES. 

Active. Passive, 

monit-um, to advise. monit-u, to be advised. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present Tense. Future in rus. 

mo-nens, advising. monitu-rus, about to advise. 

THIRD CONJUGATION.— 72^0. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

1. Present Tense. 

Sing, reg-o, / rule, am ruling, or do rule 

reg-is, thou rulest, art ruling, or dost rule 

reg-it, he ruleth, is ruling, or doth rule 

Plur. reg-imuSy we rule, are ruling, or do rule 

reg-itis, ye rule, are ruling, or do rule 

reg-unt, they rule, are ruling, or do rule. 



ON THE VERB. 



17 



Sing. 
Plur. 

Sing. 
Plur. 

Sing. 
Plur. 

Sing. 
Plur. 



Sing. 
Plur. 



Sing. 



Plur. 



rege-bam, 

rege-bas, 

rege-bat, 

rege-bamus, 

rege-batis, 

rege-bant, 

rex-i, 

rex-isti, 

rex-it, 

rex-imus, 

rex-istis, 

rex-erunt, v, 

rex-eram, 

rex- eras, 

rex-erat, 

rex-eramus, 

rex-eratis, 

rex-erant, 

reg-am, 

reg-es, 

reg-et, 

reg-emus, 

reg-etis, 

reg-ent, 



2. Imperfect Tense. 

/ did rule, or was ruling 
thou didst rule, or wast ruling 
he did rule, or was ruling 
we did rule, or were ruling 
ye did rule, or were ruling 
they did rule, or were ruling. 

3. Perfect Tense. 

/ ruled, or have ruled 
thou ruledst, or hast ruled 
he ruled, or hath ruled 
we ruled, or have ruled 
ye ruled, or have ruled 
-ere, they ruled, or have ruled. 

4, Pluperfect Tense. 
/ had ruled 
thou hadst ruled 
he had ruled 
we had ruled 
ye had ruled 
they had ruled. 

5. Future Tense. 

/ shall, or will rule 
thou shalt, or wilt rule 
he shall, or will rule 
we shall, or will rule 
ye shall, or will rule 
they shall, or will rule. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

No first Person. 
reg-e, reg-ito, rule thou, or do thou rule 

reg-at, reg-ito, rule he, or let him rule 

reg-amus, rule we, or let us rule 

reg-ite, reg-itote, rule ye, or do ye rule 
reg-ant, reg-unto, rule they, or let them rule. 

POTENTIAL MOOD. 

1. Present Tense. 

/ may, or can rule 
thou may'st, or canst rule 
he may, or can rule 
we may, or can rule 
ye may, or can rule 
they may, or can rule. 



reg-am, 

reg-as, 

reg-at, 

reg-amus, 

reg-atis, 

reg-ant, 



13 







ON THE VERB. 






2. Imperfect Tense. 


Sing. 


reg-erem, 


/ might, or could rule 




reg-eres, 


thou might' 'st, or could'st rule 




reg-eret, 


he might, or could rule 


Plur. 


reg-eremus, 


we might, or could rule 




reg-eretis, 


ye might, or could rule 




reg-erent, 


they might, or could rule. 
3. Perfect Tense. 


Sing. 


rex-erim, 


/ should have ruled 




rex-eris, 


thou should' st have ruled 




rex-erit, 


he should have ruled 


Plur. 


rex-erimus, 


we should have ruled 




rex-eritis, 


ye should have ruled 




rex-erint, 


they should have ruled. 
4. Pluperfect Tense. 


Sing. 


rex-issem, 


/ would have ruled 




rex-isses, 


thou would' st have ruled 




rex-isset, 


he would have ruled 


Plur. 


rex-issemus, 


we would have ruled 




rex-issetis, 


ye would have ruled 




rex-fssent, 


they would have ruled, 
5. Future Tense. 


Sing. 


rex-e?©, 


/ shall have ruled 




rex-eiis, 


thou shalt have ruled 




rex-erit, 


he shall have ruled 


Plur. 


rex-erimus, 


we shall have ruled 




rex-eritis, 


ye shall have ruled 




rex-erint, 


they shall have ruled. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present, and Imperfect Tense, 
reg-ere, to rule. 

Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense, 
rex-isse, to have ruled. 

Future Tense. 
rectu-rum esse, to he about to rule. 

GERUNDS. 

regen-di, of ruling 

regen-do, in ruling 

regen-dum, to rule. 



ON THE VERB. 
SUPINES. 



19 



Active, 
rect-um, to rule. 



Passive, 
rect-u, to be ruled. 



PARTICIPLES. 

Present Tense. Future in rus. 

reg-ens, ruling. rectu-rus, about to rule. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION.— Audio. 



Sing, aud-io, 
aud-is, 
aud-it, 

Plur. aud-imus, 
aud-itis, 
aud-iunt, 



Sing. 



Plur. 



Sing. 



Plur. 



Sing. 



Plur. 



audie-bam, 

audie-bas, 

audie-bat, 

audie-bamus, 

audie-batis, 

audie-bant, 



audiv-i, 

audiv-isti, 

audiv-it, 

audiv-imus, 

audiv-istis, 

audiv-erunt, 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 

1. Present Tense. 

/ hear, am hearing, or do hear 
thou hearest, art hearing, or dost hear 
he heareth, is hearing, or doth hear 
we hear, are hearing, or do hear 
ye hear, are hearing, or do hear 
they hear, are hearing, or do hear. 

2. Imperfect Tense. 

/ did hear, or was hearing 
thou didst hear, or wast hearing 
he did hear, or was hearing 
we did hear, or were hearing 
ye did hear, or were hearing 
they did hear, or were hearing. 

3. Perfect Tense. 

I heard, or have heard 
thou heard'st, or hast heard 
he heard, or hath heard 
we heard, or have heard 
ye heard, or have heard 
v. -ere, they heard, or have heard. 



audiv-eram, 

audiv-eras, 

audiv-erat, 

audiv-eramus, 

audiv-eratis, 

audiv-erant, 



4. Pluperfect Tense. 

/ had heard 
thou hadst heard 
he had heard 
we had heard 
ye had heard 
they had heard. 



20 



ON THE VERB, 



5. Future Tense. 



Sing. 


audi-am, 


/ shall, or will hear 




audi-es, 


thou shalt, or wilt hear 




audi-et, 


he shall, or will hear 


Plur. 


audi-emus, 


we shall, or will hear 




audi-etis, 


ye shall, or will hear 




audi-ent, 


they shall, or will hear. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

No first Person. 


Sing. 


aud-i, aud-ito, 


hear thou, or do thou hear 




aud-iat, aud-ito, hear he, or let him hear 


Plur. 


aud-iamus, 


hear we, or let us hear 




aud-ite, aud-itote, hear ye, or do ye hear 




aud-iant, aud-iunto, hear they, or let them hear. 






POTENTIAL MOOD. 






1. Present Tense. 


Sing. 


audi-am, 


/ may, or can hear 




audi- as, 


thou may'st, or canst hear 




audi-at, 


he may, or can hear 


Plur. 


audi-amus, 


we may, or can hear 




audi-atis, 


ye may, or can hear 




audi-ant, 


they may, or can hear. 
2. Imperfect Tense. 


Sing. 


audi-rem, 


J might, or could hear 




audi-res, 


thou might'st, or could'st hear 




audi-ret, 


he might, or could hear 


Plur. 


audi-remus, 


we might, or could hear 




audi-retis, 


ye might, or could hear 




audi-rent, 


they might, or could hear. 
3. Perfect Tense. 


Sing. 


audiv-erim, 


/ should have heard 




audiv-eris, 


thou should'st have heard 




audiv-erit, 


he should have heard 


Plur. 


audiv-erimus, 


we should have heard 




audiv-eritis, 


ye should have heard 




audiv-erint, 


they should have heard. 
4. Pluperfect Tense. 


Sing. 


audiv-issem, 


/ would have heard 




audiv-isses, 


thou would' st have heard 




audiv-isset, 


he ivould have heard 


Plur. 


audiv-issemus, 


we would have heard 




audiv-issetis, 


ye ivould have heard 




audiv-issent, 


they would have heard. 



ON THE VERB. 21 

5. Future Tense. 

Sing, audiv-ero, / shall have heard 

audiv-eris, thou shalt have heard 

audiv-erit, he shall have heard 

Plur. audiv-erimus, we shall have heard 

audiv-eritis, ye shall have heard 

audiv-erint, they shall have heard, 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present, and Imperfect Tense. 

aud-ire, . to hear. 

Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense. 

audiv-isse, to have heard. 

Future Tense. 

auditu-rum esse, to he about to hear. 

GERUNDS. 

audien-di, of hearing 

audien-do, in hearing 

audien-dum, to hear. 

SUPINES. 

Active. Passive, 

audit-um, to hear. audit-u, to he heard. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present Tense. Future in rus. 

audi-ens, hearing. auditu-rus, about to hear. 

Formation of the several parts (not radical) of Active Verbs. 

From the perfect indicative are formed the pluperfect indi- 
cative, amaveram ; perfect, pluperfect, arid future potential, 
awaverim, amavissem, amavero ; and perfect infinitive, amavisse. 

From the present indicative are formed the imperfect and 
future indicative, amabam, amabo ; the imperative mood ; pre- 
sent and imperfect potential, amem, amarem ; present infinitive, 
amare ; and present participle, amans. 

From the first supine in um are formed the second supine, 
amatu ; future participle (in rus), amaturus ; and perfect or past 
participle, amatus. 

Note. — The mode of transition from the radical to the derived 
part in each conjugation may be easily seen by inspection. 

The Latin esse serves the same purpose as the English verb 
to be, by uniting with the past participle to form several tenses 
of the passive voice ; its inflection, therefore, is necessarily 
learned before that of the passive verb. 



22 



ON THE VERB. 





INDICATIVE 


MOOD. 




1. Present Tense. 


Sing, sum, 




I am 


es, 




thou art 


est, 




he is 


Plur. sumus, 




we are 


estis, 




ye are 


sunt, 




they are. 




2. Imperfect 


Tense. 


Sing, eram, 




/ was 


eras, 




thou wast 


erat, 




he was 


Plur. eramus, 




we were 


eratis, 




ye iv ere 


erant, 




they were. 




3. Perfect Tense. 


Sing, fui, 




I have been 


fuisti, 




thou hast been 


fuit, 




he hath been 


Plur. fuimus, 




we have been 


fuistis, 




ye have been 


fuerunt, 


vel fuere, 


they have been. 




4. Pluperfect 


Tense. 


Sing, fueram, 




/ had been 


fueras, 




thou hadst been 


fuerat, 




he had been 


Plur. fueramus, 


we had been 


fueratis, 




ye had been 


fuerant, 




they had been. 




5. Future Tense. 


Sing, ero, 




I shall, or will be 


eris, 




thou shalt, or wilt be 


erit, 




he shall, or will be 


Plur. erimus, 




we shall, or will be 


eritis, 




ye shall, or will be 


erunt, 




they shall, or will be 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

No first Person. 

Sing, sis, es, esto, be thou 

sit, esto, be he, or let him be 

Plur. simus, be we, or let us be 

sitis, este, estote, be ye 

sint, suntq, 
g 



be they, or let them be. 



ON THE VERB. 



23 





POTENTIAL MOOD. 




1. 


Present Tense. 


Sing. 


sim, 


I may, or can be 




sis, 


thou may'st, or canst be 




sit, 


he may, or can be 


Piur. 


simus, 


we may, or can be 




sitis, 


ye may, or can be 




sint, 


they may, or can be. 




2. 


Imperfect Tense. 


Sing. 


essem, vel forem, 


/ might, or could be 




esses, vel fores, 


thou might' st, or could'st be 




esset, vel foret, 


he might, or could be 


Plur. 


essemus, vel foremus, we might, or could be 




essetis, vel foretis, 


ye might, or could be 




essent, vel forent. 


they might, or could be. 




3 


Perfect Tense. 


Sing. 


fuerim, 


/ may, or should have been 




fueris, 


thou may st, or should' st have been 




fuerit, 


he may, or should have been 


Plur. 


fuerimus, 


we may, or should have been 




fueritis, 


ye may, or should have been 




fuerint, 


they may, or should have been. 




4. 


Pluperfect Tense. 


Sing. 


fuissem, 


/ might, or would have been 




fuisses, 


thou might'st, or would' st have been 




fuisset, 


he might, or would have been 


Plur. 


fuissemus, 


we might, or would have been 




fuissetis, 


ye might, or would have been 




fuissent, 


they might, or would have been. 




5 


. Future Tense. 


Sing. 


fuero, 


/ shall have been 




fueris, 


thou shalt have been 




fuerit, 


he shall have been 


Plur 


fuerimus, 


we shall have been 




fueritis, 


ye shall have been 




fuerint, 


they shall have been* 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present, and Imperfect Tense, 
esse, to be. 

Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense, 
fuisse, to have been. 



24 



ON THE VERB. 



Future Tense, 
fore, vel futiirum esse, to be about to be. 

Participle of the future in rus. 
Futurus, about to be. 





CONJUGATION OF VERBS PASSIVE. 




FIRST CONJUGATION.— Amor. 




INDICATIVE MOOD. 




1. Present Tense. 


Sing. 


am-or, / am loved 




am-aris, v. am-are, thou art loved 




am-atur, he is loved 


Plur. 


am-amur, we are loved 




am-amini, ye are loved 




am-antur, they are loved. 




2. Imperfect Tense. 


Sing. 


am-abar, 1 was loved 




am-abaris, v. -abare, thou wast loved 




am-abatur, he was loved 


Plur. 


am-abamur, we were loved 




am-abamini, ye were loved 




am-abantur, they were loved. 




3. Perfect Tense. 


Sing. 


amat-us sum, v. fui, / have been loved 



Plur. 

Sing. 
Plur. 

Sing. 
Plur. 



amat-us es, v. fuisti, 
amat-us est, v. fuit, 
amat-i sumus, v. fuimus, 
amat-i estis, v. fuistis, 
amat-i sunt, fuerunt, v. -ere 

4 



amat-us eram, v. fueram, 
amat-us eras, v. fueras, 
amat-us erat, v. fuerat, 
amat-i eramus v. fueramus 
amat-i eratis, v. fueratis, 
amat-i erant, v. fuerant, 



thou hast been loved 
he hath been loved 
we have been loved 
ye have been loved 
they have been loved. 

Pluperfect Tense. 



am-abor, 

am-aberis, v. 

am-abitur, 

am-abimur, 

am-abimini, 

am-abuntur, 



/ had been loved 
thou hadst been loved 
he had been loved 
we had been loved 
ye had been loved 
they had been loved. 

5. Future Tense. 

/ shall, or will be loved 
abere, thou shalt, or wilt be loved 

he shall, or will be loved 
we shall, or will be loved 
ye shall, or will be loved 
they shall, or will be loved. 



ON THE VERB. 



25 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



Sing, am-are, am-ator, 
am-etur, am-ator, 

Plur. am-emur, 

am-amini, am-aminor, 
am-entur, am-antor, 



be thou loved 
let him be loved 
let us be loved 
be ye loved 
let them be loved. 



Sing. 
Plur. 

Sing. 
Plur. 

Sing. 
Plur. 

Sing. 
Plur. 

Sing. 
Plur. 



am-er, 

am-eris, v. a 

am-etur, 

am-emur, 

am-emini, 

am-entur, 

am-arer, 

am-areris, v. 

am-aretur, 

am-aremur, 

am-aremini, 

am-arentur, 



v. 



amat-us sim, 
amat-us sis, v. fueris, 
amat-us sit, v. fuerit, 
amat-i simus, v. fuerimus, 
amat-i sitis, v. fueritis, 
amat-i sint, v. fuerint, 



POTENTIAL MOOD. 

1. Present Tense. 

/ may, or can be loved 
l-ere, thou mayst, or canst be loved 

he may, or can be loved 
we may, or can be loved 
ye may, or can be loved 
they may, or can be loved. 

2. Imperfect Tense. 

/ might, or could be loved 
•arere, thou might' 'st, or could 'st be loved 

he might, or could be loved 
we might, or could be loved 
ye might, or could be loved 
they might, or could be loved. 

3. Perfect Tense, 
fuerim, 



/ should have been loved 
thou should'st have been loved 
he should have been loved 
we should have been loved 
ye should have been loved 
they should have been loved. 

4. Pluperfect Tense. 



amat-us essem, v. fuissem, 
amat-us esses, v. fuisses, 
amat-us esset, v. fuisset, 
amat-i essemus, v. fuissemus. 
amat-i essetis, v. fuissetis, 
amat-i essent, v. fuissent, 



/ would have been loved 
thou would st have been loved 
he would have been loved 
we would have been loved 
ye would have been loved 
they would have been loved. 



5. Future Tense. 



amat-us ero, v. fuero, 
amat-us eris, v. fueris, 
amat-us erit, v. fuerit, 
amat-i erimus, v. fuerimus, 
amat-i eritis, v. fueritis, 
amat-i erunt, v. fuerint, 



/ shall have been loved 
thou shalt have been loved 
he shall have been loved 
we shall have been loved 
ye shall have been loved 
they shall have been loved. 



26 ON THE VERB. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present, and Imperfect Tense. 

am-ari, to be loved. 

Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense. 

amat-um esse, vel fuisse, to have been loved. 

Future Tense. 

amat-um iri, to be about to be loved. 

PARTICIPLES. 

The Perfect Tense. 

amat-us, loved, or being loved. 

The Future in dus. 

aman-dus, to be loved. 

SECOND CONJUGATION.— Moneor. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

1. Present Tense. 

Sing, mon-eor, / am advised 

mon-eris, v. -ere, thou art advised 

mon-etur, he is advised 

Plur. mon-emur, we are advised 

mon-emini, ye are advised 

mon-entur, they are advised. 

2. Imperfect Tense. 

Sing, mon-ebar, / was advised 

mon-ebaris, v. -ebare, thou wast advised 

mon-ebatur, he was advised 

Plur. mon-ebamur, we were advised 

mon-ebamini, ye were advised 

mon-ebantur, they were advised. 
3. Perfect Tense. 

Sing, monit-us sum, v. fui, / have been advised 

monit-us es, v. fuisti, thou hast been advised 

monit-us est, v. fuit, he hath been advised 

Plur. monit-i sumus, v. fuimus, we have been advised 

monit-i estis, v. fuistis, ye have been advised 

monit-i sunt, fuerunt, v. fuere, they have been advised. 

4. Pluperfect Tense. 

Sing, monit-us eram, v. fueram, / had been advised 

monit-us eras, v. fueras, thou hadst been advised 

monit-us erat, v. fuerat, he had been advised 

Plur. monit-i eramus, v. fueramus, we had been advised 

monit-i eratis, v. fueratis, ye had been advised 

monit-i erant, v. fuerant, they had been advised. 



ON THE VERB. 



27 



Sing, mon-ebor, 

mon-eberis, v. -ebere, 

mon-ebitur, 
Plur. mon-ebimur, 

mon-ebimini, 

mon-ebuntur 



5. Future Tense. 

I shall, or will be advised 
thou shalt, or wilt be advised 
he shall, or will be advised 
we shall, or will be advised 
ye shall, or will be advised 
they shall, or will be advised. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



Sing, mon-ere, mon-etor, 
mon-eatur, mon-etor, 

Plur. mon-eamur, 

mon-emini, mon-eminor, 
mon-eantur, mon-entor, 



be thou advised 
let him be advised 
let us be advised 
be ye advised 
let them be advised. 



Sing. 
Plur. 

Sing. 
Plur. 

Sing. 
Plur. 

Sing. 
Plur. 



POTENTIAL MOOD. 

1. Present Tense, 

mon-ear, / may, or can be advised 
mon-earis, v. mon-eare, thou may'st, or canst be advised 

mon-eatur, he may, or can be advised 

mon-eamur, we may, or can be advised 

mon-eamini, ye may, or can be advised 

mon-eantur, they may, or can be advised. 

2. Imperfect Tense, 

mon-erer, / might, or could be advised 
mon-ereris, v* -erere, thou might 'st, or could' 'st be advised 

mon-eretur, he might, or could be advised 

mon-eremur, we might, or could be advised 

mon-eremini, ye might, or could be advised 

mon-erentur, they might, or could be advised. 

3. Perfect Tense. 

/ should have been advised 
thou should 1 st have been advised 
he should have been advised 
we should have been advised 
ye should have been advised 
they should have been advised. 



monit-us sim, v. fuerim, 
monit-us sis, v. fueris, 
monit-us sit, v. fuerit, 
monit-i simus, v. fuerimus 
monit-i sitis, v. fueritis, 
monit-i sint, v. fuerint, 

4. Pluperfect Tense, 
monit-us essem, v. fuissem, / would have been advised 
monit-us esses, v. fuisses, thou would 1 st have been advised 
monit-us esset, v. fuisset, he would have been advised 
monit-i essemus,#.fuissemus, we would have been advised 
monit-i essetis, v. fuissetis, ye would have been advised 
monit-i essent, v. fuissent, they would have been advised. 
c2 



28 



ON THE VERB. 



5. Future Tense. 



Sing. 



Pli 



monit-us ero, v. fuero, 
rcionit-us eris, v. fueris, 
monit-us erit, v. fuerit, 
monit-i erimus, v. fuerimus, 
monit-i eritis, v. fueritis, 
monit-i erunt, v. fuerint, 



/ shall have been advised 
thou shalt have been advised 
he shall have been advised 
we shall have been advised 
ye shall have been advised 
they shall have been advised. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present, and Imperfect Tense, 
mon-eri, to be advised. 

Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense, 
monit-um esse, vel fuisse, to have been advised. 

Future Tense, 
monit-um iri, to be about to be advised. 

PARTICIPLES. 

The Perfect Tense, 
monit-us, advised, or being advised. 

The Future in dus. 
monen-dus, to be advised. 

THIRD CONJUGATION.— Regor. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

1. Present Tense. 



Sing. 


reg-or, 


/ am ruled 




reg-eris, v. reg-ere, 


thou art ruled 




reg-itur, 


he is ruled 


Plur. 


reg-imur, 


we are ruled 




reg-imini, 


ye are ruled 




reg-untur, 


they are ruled. 




2. Imperfect 


Tense. 


Sing. 


reg-ebar, 


I was ruled 




reg-ebaris, v. -ebare, 


thou wast ruled 




reg-ebatur, 


he was ruled 


Plur. 


reg-ebamur, 


we were ruled 




reg-ebamini, 


ye were ruled 




reg-ebantur, 


they were ruled. 




3. Perfect Tense. 


Sing, 


rect-us sum, v. fui, 


I have been ruled 




rect-us es, v. fuisti, 


thou hast been ruled 




rect-us est, v. fuit, 


he hath been ruled 


Plur. 


rect-i sumus, v. fuimus, 


we have been ruled 




rect-i estis, v. fuistis, 


ye have been ruled 




rect-i sunt, fuerunt, v. fuere, 


they have been ruled 



ON THE VERB. 29 

4. Pluperfect Tense. 

Sing, rect-us eram, v. fueram, i" had been ruled 

rect-us eras, v. fueras, thou hadst been ruled 
rect-us erat, v. fuerat, he had been ruled 

Plur. rect-i eramus,y.fueramus, we had been ruled 
rect-i eratis, v. fueratis, ye had been ruled 
rect-i erant, v. fuerant, they had been ruled. 

5. Future Tense. 

Sing, reg-ar, / shall, or will be ruled 

reg-eris, v. reg-ere, thou shalt, or wilt be ruled 

reg-etur, he shall, or will be ruled 

Plur. reg-emur, we shall, or will be ruled 

reg-emini, ye shall, or will be ruled 

reg-entur, they shall, or will be ruled. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Sing, reg-ere, reg-itor, be thou ruled 

reg-atur, reg-itor, let him be ruled 

Plur. reg-amur, let us be ruled 

reg-imini, reg-iminor, be ye ruled 

reg-antur, reg-untor, let them be ruled. 

POTENTIAL MOOD. 

1. Present Tense. 

Sing, reg-ar, / may, or can be ruled 

reg-aris, v. reg-are, thou mayst, or canst be ruled 

reg-atur, he may, or can be ruled 

Plur. reg-amur, we may, or can be ruled 

reg-amini, ye may, or can be ruled 

reg-antur, they may, or can be ruled. 

2. Imperfect Tense. 

Sing, reg-erer, / might, or could be ruled 

reg-ereris, v. reg-erere, thou might' st, or could 'st be ruled 

reg-eretur, he might, or could be ruled 

Plur. reg-eremur, we might, or could be ruled 

reg-eremini, ye might, or could be ruled 

reg-erentur, they might, or could be ruled. 

3. Perfect Tense. 
Sing, rect-us sim, v. fuerim, / should have been ruled 

rect-us sis, v. fueris, thou should' st have been ruled 

rect-us sit, v. fuerit, he should have been ruled 

Plur. rect-i simus, v. fuerimus, we should have been ruled 
rect-i sitis, v. fueritis, ye should have been ruled 
rect-i sint, v. fuerint, they should have been ruled. 

c 3 



30 ON THE VERB. 

4. Pluperfect Tense. 

Sing, rect-us essem, v. fuissem, I would have been ruled 

rect-us esses, v, fuisses, thou would 'st have been ruled 

rect-us esset, v. fuisset, he would have been ruled 

Plur. rect-i essemus, v. fuissemus, we would have been ruled 
rect-i essetis, v. fuissetis, ye would, have been ruled 
rect-i essent, v. fuissent, they would have been ruled. 

5. Future Tense, 

Sing, rect-us ero, v. fuero, 1 shall have been ruled 

rect-us eris, v. fueris, thou shalt have been ruled 

rect-us erit, v. fuerit, he shall have been ruled 

Plur. rect-i erimus, v. fuerimus, we shall have been ruled 

rect-i eritis, v. fueritis, ye shall have been ruled 

rect-i erunt, v. fuerint, they shall have been ruled, 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present, and Imperfect Tense, 
reg-i, to be ruled. 

Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense. 

rect-um esse, vel fuisse, to have been ruled. 

Future Tense. 

rect-um iri, to be about to be ruled, 

PARTICIPLES. 

The Perfect Tense, 
rect-us, ruled, or being ruled. 

The Future in dus. 
regen-dus, to be ruled. 

FOURTH CONJUGATION.— Audior. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

1. Present Tense. 



Sing. 


aud-ior, 






/ am heard 




aud-iris, v. aud-ire. 




thou art heard 




aud-itur, 






he is heard 


Plur. 


aud-imur, 
aud-imini, 
aud-iuntur, 






we are heard 
ye are heard 
they are heard. 






2. 


Imperfect Tense. 


Sing. 


aud-iebar, 






I was heard 




aud-iebaris, v. 


aud- 


iebare, 


thou wast heard 




aud-iebatur, 






he was heard 


Plur. 


aud-iebamur, 
aud-iebamini, 
aud-iebantur, 






we were heard 
ye were heard 
they were heard. 



ON THE VERB. 



31 



3. Perfect Tense. 



Sing. 
Plur. 

Sing. 
Plur. 

Sing. 
Plur. 



audit-us sum, v. fui, 

audit-us es, v. fuisti, 

audit-us est, v. fuit, 

audit-i sumus, v. fuimus 

audit-i estis, v. fuistis, 

audit-i sunt,fuerunt,y.fuere, they have 

4. Pluperfect Tense. 



I have been heard 
thou hast been heard 
he hath been heard 
we have been heard 
ye have been heard 

heard. 



audit-us eram, v. fueram, 
audit-us, eras, v. fueras, 
audit-us erat, v. fuerat, 
audit-i eramus, v. fueramus 
audit-i eratis, v. fueratis, 
audit-i erant, v. fuerant, 

5 
aud-iar, 
aud-ieris, v. 
aud-ietur, 
aud-iemur, 
aud-iemini, 
aud-ientur, 



/ had been heard 
thou hadst been heard 
he had been heard 
we had been heard 
ye had been heard 
they had been heard. 

Future Tense. 

/ shall, or will be heard 
thou shalt, or wilt be heard 
he shall, or will be heard 
we shall, or will be heard 
ye shall, or will be heard 
they shall, or will be heard. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



aud-iere, 



Sing, aud-ire, aud-itor, 
aud-iatur, aud-itor, 

Plur. aud-iamur, 

aud-imini, aud-iminor, 
aud-iantur, aud-iuntor, 



be thou heard 
let him be heard 
let us be heard 
be ye heard 
let them be heard. 



Sing, aud- 
aud- 
aud- 

Plur. aud- 
aud- 
aud- 



Sing, aud- 
aud- 
aud- 

Plur. aud- 
aud- 
aud- 



POTENTIAL MOOD. 

1. Present Tense, 

iar, / may, or can be heard 
iaris, v. aud-iare, thou may'st, or canst be heard 

iatur, he may, or can be heard 

iamur, we may, or can be heard 

iamini, ye may, or can be heard 

iantur, they may, or can be heard. 

2. Imperfect Tense, 
irer, / might, or could be heard 

■ireris, v. aud-irere, thou might' 'st, or could'st be heard 
■iretur, he might, or could be heard 

■iremur, we might, or could be heard 

•iremini, ye might, or could be heard 

■irentur, they might, or could be heard. 

c4 



32 



ON THE VERB. 



3. Perfect Tense. 



Sing. 



Plur. 



Sis 



Plur. 



Plur. 



audit-us sim, v. fuerim, 
audit-us sis, v. fueris, 
audit-us sit, v. fuerit, 
audit-i simus, v. fuerimus, 
audit-i sitis, v. fueritis, 
audit-i sint, v. fuerint, 



/ should have been heard 
thou should'st have been heard 
he should have been heard 
we should have been heard 
ye should have been heard 
they should have been heard. 
4. Pluperfect Tense, 
audit-us essern, v. fuissem, / would have been heard 
audit-us esses, v. fuisses, thou would' 'st have been heard 
audit-us esset, v. fuisset, he would have been heard 
audit-i essemusji'.fuissemus, we would have been heard 
audit-i essetis, v. fuissetis, ye would have been heard 
audit-i essent, v. fuissent, they would have been heard. 

5. Future Tense, 
audit-us ero, v. fuero, / shall have been heard 

audit-us eris, v. fueris, thou shalt have been heard 

audit-us erit, v. fuerit, he shall have been heard 

audit-i erimus, v. fuerimus, we shall have been heard 
audit-i eritis, v. fueritis, ye shall have been heard 
audit-i erunt, v. fuerint, they shall have been heard. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present, and Imperfect Tense. 

aud-iri, to be heard. 

Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense. 

audit-um esse, vel fuisse, to have been heard. 

Future Tense. 

audit-um iri, to be about to be heard. 

PARTICIPLES. 

The Perfect Tense, 
audit-us, heard, or being heard. 

The Future in dus. 
audien-dus, to be heard. 



EXERCISES ON THE VERBS. 




nj. Pres. Indie. 


Perf. Indie. 


Pres. Infin. 


1st Supine. 


1 damno, / condemn 


darnnavi 


damnare 


damnatum 


2 doceo, / teach 


docui 


docere 


doctum 


3 duco, / lead 


duxi 


ducere 


ductum 


3 incesso, I provoke 


incessivi 


incessere 


incessitum 


3 intelligo, / understand intellexi 


intelligere 


intellectum 


4 haurio, / draw up 


hausi 


haurire 


haustum 


2 jubeo, / command 


jussi 


jubere 


jussum 


1 do, I give 


dedi 


dare 


datum 



ON THE VERB. 33 

Instructions. 

1. If it were required to give the Latin for they will condemn, 
the first thing to be determined is the mood and tense, the voice, 
number, and person of the English verb. In the present instance, 
it is the future tense, indicative mood, third person plural, and 
the active voice. Next, damno is the first conjugation, and must 
be treated like amo, the future of which is amabo, and is found 
by changing the o of the present into abo : thus, the future of 
damno is damnabo, the third plural of which, according to the 
model of the inflexion of the persons of this tense in the first 
conjugation, is damnabunt, which, as the nominative of the pro- 
noun is not expressed in Latin, except for emphasis' sake, is the 
literal representative of the English expression, they will con- 
demn. 

2. They would be given. — Here is the passive voice, potential 
mood, imperfect tense, third plural. Compare the model, amo, 
which, like do, is the first conjugation, and observe the formation 
of this part : — 

Passive, 
Indie. Pres. Poten. Pres. Poten. Iraperf. same Mood and Tense. 

Amo amem amarem amarer 

Do dem darem darer 

Inflect darer in the persons, and the third plural will be found 
darentur. 

3. They would have been provoked. — The passive voice, poten- 
tial mood, pluperfect tense, third plural. Observe the formation 
of the part in question : — 

1st Supine. Past Part. Pluperf. Poten. Pass. 

Auditum auditus auditus essem, vel fuissem 

Incessitum incessitus incessitus essem, vel fuissem. 

Inflect the latter according to the model, and the third plural 
will be incessiti essent, vel fuissent, the part required. 

By comparing the models of the four conjugations of the 
active or passive regular verbs, and observing the formation of 
the several parts, any part required may be found. 

The following are to be translated into Latin : — 

1 I might have been cor 

demned. 

2 Thev would command. 



3 Ye might be understood. 

4 He might have given. 

5 They would be leading. 

6 Let them understand. 



7 I have been taught. 

8 To have been condemned. 

9 Let us lead. 

10 They would have been 

given. 

11 He might understand. 

12 Let us be taught. 



c i) 



34 



ON THE VERB. 



43: Let us be drawn up. 

45 I am leading. 

46 To lead (1st supine). 

47 To lead (infinitive). 

48 Let us be understood. 

49 I was given. 

50 They would have drawn up, 

51 To have been drawn up. 

52 Draw ye up. 

53 I would have been led. 

54 I did give (imperfect). 

55 Be ye condemned. 

56 To understand (1st supine). 

57 I have been teaching. 

58 Ye have been taught. 

59 To be teaching. 

60 Let them be commanded. 

61 I had been leading. 

62 To be leading (infinitive). 

63 To be condemned. 

64 Condemn ye. 

65 Do ye condemn. 

66 Let them draw up. 

67 I was drawn up. 

68 I would be led. 

69 Ye would lead. 

70 Ye would be led. 

71 To have been leading. 

72 Let him understand. 

73 I have been provoking. 

74 Ye have been given. 

Key to the foregoing. 

Note. — The following answers are given, not to obviate the 
necessity of close and anxious study on the part of the pupil, — ■ 
nothing can supply the place of such study, — but to assist in some 
cases, and encourage in all ; the learner having the power to as- 
certain whether his efforts have been successful. 



13 1 was giving. 

14 He had been condemned. 

15 To be given. 

16 Lead ye. 

17 I would draw up. 

18 Let them be commanded. 

19 I would be teaching. 

20 To have been drawn up. 

21 To have been given. 

22 To have condemned. 

23 I might teach. 

24 They would draw up. 

25 Let them provoke. 

26 We might command. 

27 We might have commanded. 

28 Let them be commanded. 

29 We understand. 

30 They teach. 

31 Let them provoke. 

32 I have commanded. 

33 To be commanded. 

34 To have provoked. 

35 They would give. 

36 I was understood. 

37 They were given. 

38 He was taught. 

39 Let him be leading. 

40 They would lead. 

41 I had been led. 

42 To have been condemned. 

43 I am commanded. 



Answers. 



1 Damnatus essem, vel fuis- 

sem. 

2 Juberent. 

3 Intelligeremini. 

4 Dedisset. 



5 Ducerent. 

6 Intelhgant, intelligunto. 

7 Doctus sum, vel fui. 

8 Damnatum e^se, vel fuisse. 

9 Ducamus. 



ON THE VERB. 



35 



10 Dati essent, vel fuissent. 

11 Intelligent. 

12 Doceamur. 

13 Dabam. 

14 Damnatus erat, vel fuerat. 

15 Dari. 

16 Ducite, ducitote. 

17 Haurirem. 

18 Jubeantur, jubentor. 

19 Docerem. 

20 Haustum esse, vel fuisse. 

21 Datum esse, vel fuisse. 

22 Damnavisse. 

23 Docerem. 

24 Haurirent. 

25 Incessant, incessunto. 

26 Juberemus. 

27 Jussissemus. 

28 See answer 18. 

29 Intelligimus. 

30 Docent. 

31 See 25. 

32 Jussi. 

33 Juberi. 

34 Incessivisse. 

35 Darent, 

36 Intelligebar. 

37 Dabantur. 

38 Docebatur. 

39 Ducat, ducito. 

40 Ducerent. 

41 Ductus eram, vel fueram. 

42 Damnatum esse, vel fuisse. 



43 Jubeor. 

44 Hauriamur. 

45 Duco. 

46 Ductum. 

47 Ducere. 

48 Intelligamur. 

49 Dabar. 

50 Hausissent. 

51 Haustum esse, vel fuisse. 

52 Haurite, hauritote. 

53 Ductus essem, vel fuissem. 

54 Dabam. 

55 Damnamini, damnaminor. 

56 Intellectum. 

57 Docui. 

58 Docti estis, vel fuistis. 

59 Docere. 

60 Jubeantur, jubentor. 

61 Duxeram. 

62 Ducere. 

63 Damnari. 

64 Damnate, damnatote. 

65 The same. 

66 Hauriant, hauriunto. 

67 Hauriebar. 

68 Ducerer. 

69 Duceretis. 

70 Duceremini. 

71 Duxisse. 

72 Intelligat, intelligito 

73 Incessivi. 

74 Dati estis, vel fuistis. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 

Irregularities prevail in the conjugation of certain Latin verbs, as 
in the verbs of other languages. The following is an analysis of the 
conjugation of the principal irregular verbs of the Latin tongue : — 

Posse, to be able. 

Velle, to be willing. 

Nolle, to be unwilling. 

Malle, to be more willing. 

Note. — Malle is compounded of magis, more, and velle, to be 
willing ; and edere in some parts is conjugated like esse. 

c 6 



Edere, to eat. 
Ferre, to bear. 
Fieri, to be made. 
Ferri, to be carried. 



36 




ON THI 


. VERB. 








INDICATIVE MOOD. 








1. Present Tense. 






SING. 






PLUR. 




Possum potes 


potest 


possumus potestis 


possunt 


Volo vis 


vult 


vol um us 


vultis 


volunt 


Nolo nonvis 


nonvult 


nolumus 


nonvultis 


nolunt 


Malo mavis 


mavult 


malumus 


mavultis 


malunt 


Edo edis, v. es 


edit,t?. est 


edimus 


editis, v. estis edunt 


Fero fers 


fert 


ferimus 


fertis 


ferunt 


Fio fis 


fit 


fimus 


fids 


fiunt 


Feror ferris,2?.ferre fertur 


ferimur 


ferimini 


feruntur 




2. Imperfect Tense. 






SING. 






PLUR. 




Pot-eram eras 


erat 


eramus 


eratis 


erant 


Vole-bam -\ 












Nole-bam 












Male-bam 
Ede-bam 


> bas 


bat 


bamus 


batis 


bant 


Fere-bam 












Fie-bam 












Fere-bar baris, v. 


bare batur 


bamur 


bamini 


bantur 




3. Perfect Tense. 






SING. 






PLUR. 




Potu-i -^ 
Volu-i j 


















Nolu-i 

n/r 1 • > lstl lt 
Malu-i [ 


imus 


istis erunl 


, vel ere 


Ed-i 










Tul-i J 










Fact-us 1 sum es 


est 


i sumus, 


estis, sunt, 


fuerunt, 


> v. v. 


v. 


v. 


v. 


v. 


Lat-us J fui fuisti fuit 


fuimus, 


fuistis fuere 




4. Pluperfect Tense. 






SING. 






PLUR. 




Potu-eram -^ 












Volu-eram 












Nolu-eram 
Malu-eram 


>• eras erat 


eramus 


eratis 


erant 


Ed-eram 












Tul-eram J 












Fact-us ~) eram, eras, erat, 


i eramus, 


eratis, 


erant, 


t •• 


v. v. 


v. 


v. 


v. 


Lat-us J fu€ 


jram - 


eras -erat 


fueramus 


fueratis 


fuerant 







ON THE 


VERB. 








5. Future Tense. 






SING. 






PLUR 


Pot-ero 


eris 


erit 


erimus 


eritis 


Vol-am ->, 










Noi-am 










Mai -am 
Ed-am 


> es 


et 


emus 


etis 


Fer-am 










Fi-am ■> 


■ 








Fer-ar 


eris, v. 


ere etur 


emur 


emini 



37 



erunt 



ent 



entur 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Possum, volo, and malo have no imperative mood. 
Present Tense. 



SING. 

Noli, nolito. 

Ede, edito, vel es, esto ; 
edat, edito, vel esto 
Fer, ferto ; ferat, ferto 
Fi, fito ; fiat, fito 
Fer-re, tor ; feratur, fertor 



PLUR. 

nolite, nolitote. 



edamus ; edite, editote vel este, 
estote ; ed-ant, -unto 
feramus ; ferte, fertote ; fer-ant, -unto 
fiamus ; fite, fitote ; fiant, fiunto 
feramur; ferimin-i, -or; -antur, -untor 



POTENTIAL MOOD. 

1. Present Tense. 



SING. 



Poss-im 

Vel-im 

Nol-im 

Mal-im 

Ed-am 

Fer-am 

Fi-am 

Fer-ar 



Poss-em 1 

Vell-em 

Noll-em 

Mall-em 

Eder-em 

vel 
Ess-em 
Ferr-em 
Fier-em 
Ferr-er 



as 



ans, v. are 



at 



atur 



amur 



2. Imperfect Tense. 



SING. 



> es 



et 



ens, v. ere etur 



PLUR. 



ltlS 



atis 



amini 



PLUR. 



mt 



ant 



antur 



emus 



emur 



etis ent 



erami entur 



88 






ON THE VERB. 








3. 


Perfect Tense. 






SING. 








PLUR. 




Potu-erim ^ 












Volu-erim 














Nolu-erim 

Malu-erim 


> 


eris 


erit 


erimus 


eritis 


erint . 


Ed-erim 














Tul-erim - 














17 fsim, 
tact-usl 

1 V ' 


sis, 

v. 


sit, 

v. 


i simus, 
v. 


sitis, 
v. 


sint, 
v. 


Lat-us L fue-rim 


vis 


rit 


fuerimus 


fueritis 


fuerint 




4. 


Pluperfect Tense. 






SING. 








PLUR. 




Potu-issem 


~\ 












Volu-issem 














Nolu-issem 
Malu-issem 


» 


isses 


isset 


issernus 


issetis 


issent 


Ed-issem 














Tul-issem ■) 












•c, f essem, 
Fact-us 1 ' 

1 V -' 


esses, 
v. 


esset, 

v. 


i essemus, 
v. 


essetis, 
v. 


essent, 
v. 


Lat-us (_ fu-issem 


isses 


isset 


fuissemus 


fuissetis 


fuissent 




5 


. Future Tense. 






SING. 








PLUR. 




Potu-ero -^ 














Volu-ero 














Nolu-ero 
Malu-ero ' 




eris 


erit 


erimus 


eritis 


erint 


Ed-ero 














Tul-ero J 














Fact-usf ero > 
1 V ' 


eris, 
v. 


erit, 
v. 


erimus, 
v. 


eritis, 
v. 


erunt, 
v. 


Lat-us Lfue-ro 


ris 


rit 


fuerimus 


fueritis 


fuerint 




INFINITIVE MOOD. 






Present, 


and Imperfect Tense. 




posse 
velle 




edere, vel esse 
ferre 




nolle 




fieri 






rr 


alle 






ferri 







Perfect and Pluperfect Tense, 
potuisse edisse 

voluisse tulisse 

nolnisse factum esse, vel fuisse 

maluisse latum esse, vel fuisse 



ON THE VERB. 39 

Future Tense, 
esururn esse factum iri 

laturum esse latum iri 

Possum, volo, nolo, malo, have no future tense of the infinitive 
mood. 



Ire, to go, is irregular in some of its parts ; in others it is 
formed regularly. 

The radical parts of this verb are — present indicative, eo ; 
perfect indicative, ivi ; supine, itum. 

Of this verb, those parts which are formed from the perfect 
indicative and first supine are regular. The irregular formations 
are as follow : — 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 
SING. PLUR. 

Present, eo is it imus itis eunt 

Imperf. ibam ibas ibat ibamus ibatis ibant 

Future, ibo ibis ibit ibimus ibitis ibunt 







IMPERATIVE MOOD. 










i, ito 


eat, ito | eamus 

POTENTIAL MOOD. 


ite, 


itote 


eant, eunto 


Present. 


earn 


eas eat 


eamus 




eatis 


eant 


Imperf. 


irem 


ires iret 


iremus 




iretis 


irent 






GERUNDS. 










eund 


i eunc 


Lo 


eundum 





participle, iens (gen. euntis). 

Note. — The compounds of eo are similarly conjugated ; also 
queo, to be able, and nequeo, to be unable, except that the two 
latter have no imperative mood and no gerunds. 

DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

Verbs are called defective, that have only some particular tenses 
and persons : as, 

Aio, / say. 



indicative mood. 



Present, aio ais ait 
Imperf. aiebam aiebas aiebat 
Perfect. aisti 



aiunt 



aiebamus aiebatis aiebant 
■ aistis 



imperative mood. 
ai I 



40 ON THE VERB. 

POTENTIAL MOOD. 



SING. 

Present. aias aiat 



PLUR. 

aiamus — — — aiant 



participle, aiens. 



Ausim, / dare. 

INDICATIVE OR POTENTIAL MOOD. 

Present, ausim ausis ausit | ausint 



Ave, hail. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

ave, aveto | avete, avetote 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

avere. 



Salve ! God save you ! 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Future. salvebis [ — 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

salve, salveto | salvete, salvetote 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

salvere. 



Cedo, give me. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

cedo — — — I — - — cedite 



Faxo, or faxim (for faciam), / will, or may do it. 

INDICATIVE OR POTENTIAL MOOD. 

Future, (faxo, vel 



future, (faxo, vel) c ■ c . 
„ \c ■ > taxis taxit 

Pres. (faxim J 



faximus faxitis faxint 



Quaeso, I fray. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present, quaeso quaesis qua^sit | qsesumus 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

quaesere. 
participle, quaesens. 



THE ADVERB. 



41 



Inquio, or inquam, / say. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 



inquio, vel 
inquam 



SING. 

Present. 
\ inquis 
Imperfect. 

Perfect. 
inquisti 

Future. 
inquies 



inquit 
inquiebat 



inquimus 



mque 



mquiet 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

inquiat, inquito | 

participle, inquiens. 



Memini, / remember. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



memento 



Ccepi, / begin. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 



Perfect, ccepi ccepisti 



Odi, / hate. 



Perfect, odi odisti 
Memini, remember. 



INDICATIVE 

odit I 



MOOD. 



PLUR. 



inquiunt 
inquiebant 



mementote 



oderunt 



This verb has the tenses only that are 
formed from the perfect tense of the indicative mood : as from 
it are formed memin-eram, -erim, -issem, -ero, -isse. 
In like manner ccepi and odi also form these tenses. 



THE ADVERB. 

The adverb modifies the force of the word with which it is 
connected in Latin, as in English : as, magnopere cupio discere, 
I am very anxious to learn ; wherein magnopere modifies the 
signification of the word cupio. 

Note. — Some adverbs in Latin admit of comparison : thus, 
bene, well ; comparative, melius, better ; optime, best. The 
comparative of the, adverb, in such cases, is the comparative 
neuter of the adjective agreeing with a noun understood, which is 
governed by some preposition also understood. 



42 THE PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION, AND INTERJECTION. 



THE PREPOSITION. 

The preposition connects words : as, exivit ex urbe, he de- 
parted from the city ; wherein ex is the preposition, and connects 
Me, the subject of exivit, or exivit itself, with urbe. 

Prepositions require after them a noun, or its representative, 
the pronoun. 

Such noun or pronoun, except the preposition be in com- 
position, that is, form a part of another word, will always be 
in either the accusative or ablative case. 

Some prepositions govern the accusative, and others the abla- 
tive case, and some govern both cases ; but a preposition governing 
different cases varies its signification according to the case it 
governs. 

The following are the principal prepositions which govern the 
ablative case : — A, ab, abs, absque, coram, clam, cum, de, e, ex, 
prae, pro, sine, tenus. 

The following are the principal prepositions which govern the 
accusative : — Ad, adversus, adversum, ante, apud, circa, circum, 
circiter, cis, citra, contra, erga, extra, infra, inter, intra, juxta, 
penes, per, pone, post, prseter, prope, propter, secundum, supra, 
trans, ultra, usque, versus. 

In, sub, subter, and super are the principal prepositions which, 
varying their significations, govern the accusative and ablative. 

THE CONJUNCTION. 

The conjunction is a particle which unites words or clauses 
together ; when clauses, the preceding one is modified by the 
latter in some particular of time, place, manner, &c. &c. : as, 
eram miser, cum amarem, I was wretched when I loved ; where- 
in the cum connects the latter with the former clause, the state 
expressed therein being asserted only of the time in which the 
act took place expressed in the latter clause. 

THE INTERJECTION. 

Any word or particle which is used to express a sudden feel- 
ing of passion or emotion is called by the name interjection : 
thus, ah ! oh ! 

In the Latin, as in the English language, nouns, adjectives, 
and verbs are frequently used inter) ectionally : as, nefas I mise- 
rabile ! &c. &c. 



DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS, &C. 43 



Definitions and Explanations of Terms used in the following 
Treatise. 

1. Translation is the rendering of the words of one language 
into words in another, so as thereby to express the same idea. 

2. The construction of a language (generally) is the putting 
together (literally piling or building up) its words agreeably to 
the observed usage thereof. The construction of a particular 
word is the formula it requires to be used in connexion with it : 
as, dare librum magistro, to give a book to the master ; from 
which it appears that the verb dare is constructed with an ac- 
cusative of the thing given, and a dative of the person or thing 
which receives it. 

3. A transitive verb (transeo, to pass over) is a verb that 
expresses an act which passes on to or affects an object : thus, 
condere lunam, to hide the moon ; wherein lunam is the object 
or the thing affected by the act of hiding. The ear always 
detects the transitive verb, which leaves a vacuum after it, the 
sense not being concluded until such vacuum is filled up. 

4. The subject of a sentence is the word which is the subject 
of conversation, that is, the word of which the verb makes the 
affirmation. This subject is in the nominative case : thus the 
subject of a verb and its nominative case are identical. 

5. The agent is the word which expresses the performer of an 
act. In an active verb the subject or nominative case and the 
agent are identical: thus, "I sleep;" where / is the subject or 
nominative of the verb sleep, and also the agent or performer 
of the act of sleeping. In the passive verb, on the contrary, the 
agent and subject are not identical : as, " The house is burned 
by fire ;" where house is the subject, and fire the agent. 

6. The complement of a word (compleo, to fill up) is the word 
or formula of words connected with or appended to it for the 
purpose of explanation : thus, " The Queen of England, Eng- 
land's Queen.;'' wherein of England in the former, and England' s 
in the latter expression, is the complement of Queen. 

7. A deponent verb (deponere, to lay down) is a verb which, 
though passive in inflexion, lays down, that is, gives up, the 
passive signification, and is active in sense. 

8. A simple sentence has in it but one subject and one verb. 
Attention is directed in this definition to the force of and, be- 
cause a sentence having one subject and two verbs, or two sub- 
jects and one verb, is not simple, being resolvable into as many 
simple sentences as there are either subjects or verbs. 



44 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

A complex sentence is one which may be resolved into two or 
more simple sentences. 

9. A word is said to be syncopated when a letter or syllable 
is elided from the middle thereof. The mark ( A ) is generally set 
over the part where the want exists : as, quierant, for quieve- 
rant. 

10. The context of a word or passage is the sentence or 
sentences which stand connected with it. The context is fre- 
quently the best commentary as to the meaning of a doubtful 
word or passage. 

11. The influence which one word exercises over another is 
properly called government, inasmuch as the governed word 
assumes a definite form, in obedience, as it were, to the word 
by which such influence is exerted : thus, in the expression 
Britannice Regina, the former word explaining the latter is said 
to be governed by it in the genitive case, according to the prin- 
ciple laid down in Rule 5. 

12. Words are said to be disjunctively connected when they 
are united in the same link by a copula, which shows that the 
thing asserted is said of one to the exclusion of the other ; and 
copulatively connected when the assertion is made equally 
of all. 

13. The antecedent is the word for which the relative stands, 
and is sometimes called the correlative. 

14. A periphrasis is a form of expression whereby an idea 
is represented by many words which could be expressed directly 
by few : thus, " From the rising to the setting of the sun," i. e. 
from east to west. 

15. Attraction is a species of construction which exhibits itself 
in various forms, the principal of which is that wherein the rela- 
tive is put in (attracted to) the case of the antecedent, irrespec- 
tively of the position of the relative in its own clause. 

16. Hendiadis is a figure of speech whereby what is really 
but one is represented as two things : thus, gemmis auroque, 
with gems and gold, i. e. with golden gems. 

17. Synecdoche is a figure of speech whereby a part is put for 
the whole. 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

Rules. 

1. The verb agrees with its subject in number and person. 

2. The adjective agrees with the noun which it qualifies in 
gender, number, and case. 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 45 

3. Transitive verbs govern an accusative case. 

4. Some prepositions require the noun after them to be in the 
accusative, and some in the ablative case. 

5. One noun governs another which explains or modifies it in 
the genitive case. 

6. The word which expresses the instrument with which, the 
cause for which, or the manner in which an act is performed, is 
put in the ablative case. 

Note. — The first rule means that the subject and the verb 
must be in the same number and person ; the second that the 
adjective and the noun must be in the same gender, number, and 
case ; and the third rule states a general principle to which there 
are many exceptions, which will be considered hereafter. The 
number of the rule will be appended in the following sentences to 
the word to which, as illustrating it, attention is directed. 

Sentences, 

1. Scipio l fudit 5 Annibalis 3 copias. 

2. 5 Lethi vis * rapuit, l rapietque 3 gentes. 

3. 2 Cita mors ! venit, aut victoria 2 lseta. 

4. Orpheus 6 carmine 3 sylvas et 3 saxa ! duxit. 

5. 6 Concordia 2 parvse res ' crescunt, 6 discordia 2 maximae 
1 dilabuntur. 

6. 6 Dente 2 tenaci anchora * fundabat 3 naves. 

7. Neptunus 6 ventis 1 implevit 3 vela 2 secundis. 

8. Extemplo 5 Libyse 2 magnas 1 it fama per 4 urbes. 

9. Homines 2 proniores 1 sunt ad 4 voluptatem, quam ad 4 vir- 
tutem. 

10. 2 Pallida mors 2 aequo 1 pulsat 6 pede 5 pauperum 3 tabernas, 
6 regumque 3 turres. 

11. Nox 1 erat, et 2 placidum 1 carpebant 2 fessa 3 soporem cor- 
pora per 4 terras, silveeque et 2 saava 1 quierant aequora. 

12. Navita de 4 ventis, de 4 tauris 2 narrat arator. 

13. 1 Cantabit 2 vacuus coram 4 latrone viator. 

14. 2 Tres Eurus ab 4 alto in 4 brevia et 4 syrtes l urget. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

Sentences. 

1. The first thing to be done in translating a sentence is to 
look out for all the words thereof in the index or dictionary. 



46 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION, 

The parts of speech to which each belongs, and the case, number, 
&c. &c. of a noun or pronoun, with the conjugation, number, 
person, mood, and tense of the verb, can be thus acquired. This 
done, the subject of the sentence and the verb are next to be 
found out, and then the other words must follow in translation 
as the construction or sense, or both together, will dictate. In 
the case of the present sentence, there are three nouns, one only 
of which, Scipio, is in the nominative case. This, therefore, may 
at once be concluded to be the subject of the only verb in the 
sentence, fudit, which will be found from its inflexion to be in 
the indicative mood, perfect tense, third person singular. The 
translation in English of these two words is, therefore, " Scipio 
has routed (or routed)." This is evidently a transitive verb, as 
indicated by the ear, because a man cannot rout without routing 
something. The next thing is to find out that something. The 
only noun in the sentence which can express the something 
routed is copias, because it is the only one in the accusative case, 
and by Rule 3 transitive verbs govern the accusative. The sen- 
tence thus far is in English, " Scipio routed (the) forces ;" and 
the remaining word, Annibalis, being in the genitive case, belongs 
to copias in construction, and so in translation, by Rule 5 ; and 
the whole sentence, therefore, when rendered into English, is, 
" Scipio routed the forces of Annibal." In addition to this, the 
particulars of the declension of each word inflected are to be 
ascertained ; and as far as the sentence in question is concerned, 
all is known concerning it which can be exacted from the 
learner. 

2. The subject, according to the principles enunciated under 
Sentence 1, is vis. The complement of vis is lethi, because 
lethi can be joined as the genitive complement to no other noun 
in the sentence so as to make sense. The verb is rapuit, which is 
connected with rapiet by the conjunction que. The object of these 
transitive verbs evidently is gentes, and the sentence translated 
is, " The force of death has carried off, and will carry off 
nations." 

3. Herein are merely involved, in addition to the preceding 
principles, the concord or agreement between the noun and the 
adjective, which is laid down in Rule 2. Mors is the noun, citus 
the adjective. On looking to the index, citus is perceived to be 
an adjective of three terminations, like bonus. Mors is the no- 
minative case, singular number, feminine gender ; and citus 
declined will be found in these three parts to be cita : hence 
cita, not any other part of the adjective, is properly used to 
qualify mors. The same principle regulates Iceta, which qualifies 
victoria, which latter is the subject of the verb venit as well as 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 47 

mors. The sentence translated therefore is, " Quick death comes, 
or joyful victory." 

Note.— An adjective in Latin, as in English, sometimes quali- 
fies a noun in the place of the adverb of that adjective qualifying 
the verb: thus the above sentence is equivalent to "Death 
comes quickly." 

4. Orpheus is evidently the subject (Rule 1), because the 
verb is singular ; and though saxa may be elsewhere the nomina- 
tive, yet, because it is plural, it cannot be the nominative to duxit 
in the singular. Sylvas and saxa are in the same yoke or link, as 
connected by the copulative que; and carmine, as the ablative, 
expresses the instrument (Rule 6). Thus the sentence translated 
will be, " Orpheus led (after him) the woods and rocks by his 
verse," i. e. by the power of his song. 

5. In the first clause there is a subject, which cannot be Con- 
cordia, the verb being plural, and concordia singular (Rule 1) : 
hence it must be res. This is qualified hy par vce, and concordia, in 
the ablative, expresses the instrument, as does discordia in the 
next clause, of which res understood is the subject, qualified by 
maximce (see Comparison of Irregular Adjectives). Dilabuntur 
is a deponent verb, and to be translated as if it were active. The 
sentence, therefore, stands thus when translated : " Small things 
increase by concord, the greatest dwindle away by discord." 

6. The instructions already given are quite sufficient to enable 
the learner to translate this sentence : " The anchor moored the 
ships with its fast-holding fluke." 

Note. — Tenax means tenacious, i. e. fast-holding, and dens, 
which literally means a tooth, i. e. any thing which bites or holds 
in its gripe, is translated fluke, the name of that part of the 
anchor which catches the bottom and holds fast. Care must be 
taken to render one language by such words in another as will 
most neatly and correctly express the sense. 

7. The subject is at once seen to be Neptunus. The verb im- 
plevit is transitive in signification, and must govern vela, not 
ventis, as the object ; the latter is the instrument, and is qualified 
by secundis. The sentence, therefore, translated means, " Nep- 
tune filled the sails with favourable blasts." 

Note. — The adjective, in Latin, does not immediately precede 
or succeed the qualified word, as it does in the English lan- 
guage. 

8. Fama, tried by the preceding principles, is the only sub- 
ject ; it, the verb. Extemplo, an adverb, qualifies this verb. Per, 
a preposition, cannot govern Libyce in the genitive (Rule 4); 
therefore it must govern urbes, which is qualified by magnas, and 
which has Libyce as its genitive complement (Rule 5). This 



48 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

sentence, therefore, is thus translated: " A report goes (is spread) 
immediately through the great cities of Africa." 

9. Proniores, from the positive promts, declined like bonus, is 
the comparative degree (see Comparison of Adjectives), and quali- 
fies homines. This sentence, rendered into English, is, " Men 
are more prone to pleasure than (they are) to virtue." 

10. Mors is evidently the subject, and pallida can agree with 
no other word in the sentence. Pulsat is a transitive verb, and 
has for its object (see Definition 3) tabernas and turres, connected 
by que, the genitive complement of tabernas being paupervm, and 
of turres, regum. The translation is, " Pale death knocks at the 
huts of the poor and the towers of kings with an equal (impar- 
tial) foot." Pede expresses the manner or instrument (Rule 6). 

11. This is a complex sentence, and has in it three simple 
ones. Nox erat, night was, i. e. it was night ; et connecting this 
with the succeeding sentence, the verb of which is plural, and the 
only subject in which is corpora, qualified by fessa. The verb is 
transitive, and requires an object, which is found in soporem, 
qualified by placidum. The next sentence has two subjects, 
silvce and cequora, the latter qualified by sceva ; and the verb 
quierant is syncopated for quieverant. The English is, " It was 
night, and wearied bodies were enjoying peaceful sleep through- 
out the earth (or world), and the woods and boisterous seas had 
become quiet (had been hushed in silence)." 

12. Nothing is required to be said here but that the verb 
narrat is understood in the first clause to the subject navita, and 
that the preposition de signifies of, in the sense of concerning or 
about. 

13. Nothing is required to be said as to the construction of 
this sentence, the meaning of which is, that a traveller having 
nothing to lose is not afraid to attract the attention of robbers. 

14. The subject of urget evidently is Eurus ; and the line 
itself shows, apart from its context, that tres (three) must have 
some noun, as naves (ships), agreeing with it understood. In in 
this sentence signifies into, and governs the accusative, which is 
brevia and syrtes, connected by et. The English is, " The east 
wind drives three (ships) into shoals and quicksands." 

Questions on the Analysis of the foregoing Sentences. 

1. What tense and mood is fudit? What number, and why? 
What conjugation, and how known ? Give its radical parts. 
Why is copias in the accusative, and Annibalis in the genitive ? 

2. Decline vis. What is its complement ? What is the object 
of rapuit, and what of rapiet ? 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 49 

3. Show that citce mors would violate some grammatical 
principle. 

4. Why is carmine in the ablative ? Decline it. 

5. Show that parvce and maximce are not the genitives singular. 
Give the radical parts of crescunt, its mood and tense. What 
kind of verb is dilabuntur ? Explain this name as applied to a 
verb. 

6. Decline tenax. 

7. What case is ventis, and why ? What conjugation is im- 
plevit ? Give its principal parts. 

8. What word is Libyce the complement of? Compare 
magnas. 

9. Compare proniores. What does it qualify ? 

10. Show that pallida does not qualify pede. What is pau- 
perum governed by 1 Reyum ? Why is pede in the ablative ? 

11. Would placidam be good Latin? What is the subject of 
carpebant ? Decline it. Give the principal parts of carpebant. 
Decline cequora. 

13. Why is latrone in the ablative case? What are the prin- 
cipal parts of cantabit ? 

14. Decline brevia. What does tres agree with ? What does 
in signify here? What nouns are governed by in? What case 
is alto ? Decline it. Give the principal parts of uryet. What 
conjugation is it? How known ? What does el connect? 

Observations on the foreyoiny Rules. 
Rule 1. 

1. Plurality of idea in the subject constitutes the necessity of 
the plural construction of the verb. The subject is plural when it 
consists of one or more plural nouns, or two or more singular nouns 
copulatively connected; it is also plural when it consists of a 
noun in the singular conveying plurality of idea, (generally called 
a noun of multitude,) or of a single noun associated with a 
formula of words, of some of which, though not in the nominative 
case, the verb affirms. 

2. -The infinitive mood, or part, or the whole of a sentence, 
supplies the place of a nominative. 

3. Two singular nouns disjunctively connected have a verb 
singular. When two nouns, one singular, the other plural, 
are disjunctively connected, it is manifest that, though the verb 
affirms of both, it can agree in number only with one ; this one 
is usually that next to the verb. It may also be the other without 
any violation of philosophical grammar. 

4. When two or more nominatives of different persons are 
copulatively connected, the verb in the plural will agree in person 



50 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

with the first rather than the second, and with the second rather 
than with the third. 

Rule 2. 

5. If there be several nouns of different genders qualified by 
one adjective, it cannot agree in gender with them all. It is made 
in such case to agree with the masculine rather than the feminine, 
and with the feminine rather than the neuter. 

Rule 3. 

6. To this the construction of many verbs exhibits an excep- 
tion : misereor and miseresco govern the genitive, potior and utor 
govern the genitive or ablative. Verbs expressing profit or hurt 
to any one (except Icedo, juvo, adjuvo, offendo, and delecto), verbs 
of commanding and obeying, or resistance, verbs of trusting, those 
which express threats and anger, and many verbs compounded 
with ad, con, sub, ante, post, ob, in, inter, prce, super, satis, bene, 
and male, govern the dative case. 

Rule 4. 

7. The preposition tenus, if the noun after it be plural, is 
usually followed by a genitive case. 

Rule 5. 

8. The genitive complement must express something different 
from that which governs it. 

9. This genitive is frequently changed into the dative. 

10. Nouns which are names for the same thing are put in the 
same case : this is usually called apposition by grammarians. 

11. Should the latter of two nouns (one being the complement 
of the other) have an adjective of praise or dispraise, or, in fact, 
any qualification joined with it, such noun is more usually ex- 
pressed in the ablative than the genitive. 

12. Opus and usus, when they signify need, are followed by the 
ablative. 

Note. — In the following sentences the foregoing observations 
will be illustrated, and the figure over each word will refer to 
the number of the observation thereby illustrated. 

1. Eo modo inter se duo imperatores, summi 10 viri, *certa- 
bant. 

2. Vestibulum ante ipsum, primisque in faucibus Orci, 
Luctus et ultrices J posuere cubilia curse ; 
Pallentesque habitant morbi, tristisque senectus, 

Et metus, et malesuada fames, et turpis egestas, 
Terribiles visu 10 formae, letumque, laborque. 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 51 

3. Plotius, et Varius, Virgiliusque * occurrunt. 

4. Verum ubi, pro labore, desidia, pro continentia et aequitate, 
lubido atque superbia ! invasere, fortuna simul cum moribus 
immutatur. 

5. Pars ingentem formidine turpi 1 scandunt rursus equum, et 
nota x conduntur in alvo. 

6. Pars calidos latices et ahena undantia flammis * expediunt. 

7. At Lentulus cum ceteris * constituerant uti Lucius Bestia, 
10 tribunus plebis, quereretur de actionibus Ciceronis, bellique 
gravissimi invidiam optimo consuli imponeret. 

8. Ipse dux cum aliquot principibus ! capiuntur. 

9. Bocchus cum peditibus postremam Romanam aciem * in- 
vadunt. 

10. Dulce et decorum est 2 pro patria mori. 

11. 2 Prodere patriam est peccatum. 

12. Suave est 2 ex magno tollere acervo. 

13. 2 Dicere de se ipso est senile. 

14. Hone momento cita mors 3 venit, aut victoria laeta. 

15. Aut Brutus, aut Triumviri victores 3 erunt. 

16. Aut Triumviri, aut Brutus victor 3 erit. 

17. Et ego et amicus 4 eramus consules. 

18. Tu et Valerius 4 eritis consules. 

19. Multi filii et filiae 5 impositi sunt in rogum. 

20. Arcadii, quasso, miserescite 6 regis, et patrias audite preces. 

21. Si bene quid de te merui, miserere 6 domus labentis, et 
istam, oro, exue mentem. 

22. Si vero 2 cap ere Italiam, 6 sceptrisque 2 potiri contigerit 
victori, et 2 prcedce ducere sortem. 

23. Utere domo 6 mea pro tua. 

24. Parvula formica, simul inversum contristat Aquarius 
| annum, non usquam prorepit, et 6 illis utitur ante 6 quaesitis 

sapiens. 

25. Quam metui, ne Libyae 6 tibi regna nocerent ! 

26. Quid tantum 6 te insano juvat indulgere °dolori, on dulcis 

XMTJUX ! 

27. Cave, 6 te ne frigora laedant. 
d 2 



52 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

28. Juvat 6 nos 2 ire, 2 et Dorica castra, desertosque videre 
locos, littusque relictum. 

29. Quid juvat immensum 6 te 8 argenti pondus et 8 auri furtim 
defossa timidum deponere terra ? 

30. Imperat aut servit collecta pecunia 6 cuique. 

81. Ecce autem saeva 8 Jovis conjux sese referebat ab Argis, 
et laetum iEneam classemque ex asthere longe Dardaniam Siculo 
prospexit ab usque Pachyno. Moliri jam tecta videt, jam fidere 
6 tense. 

32. Me ne salis placidi vultum fluctusque quietos 
Ignorare jubes ? Me ne huic confidere 6 monstro ? 

33. Octavius non solebat temere irasci 6 amicis. 

34. Nunquamne levari obsidione sines ? 6 muris iterum im- 
minet hostis nascentis Trojse ? 

35. Non ego nunc dulci amplexu divellerer usquam, nate, 
tuo ; neque finitimus Mezentius unquam, huic 6 capiti insultans, 
tot ferro saava dedisset funera. 

36. Hie perpetuis solid patres considere 6 mensis. 

37. Jamque ascendebant collem 6 urbi imminentem. 

38. Rex, 10 genus egregium Fauni, nee fluctibus actos atra 
subegit hyems vestris succedere 6 terris, nee sidus regione viae, 
littusve fefellit. 

39. Priusquam dimicarent, fcedus ictum inter Romanes et 
Albanos est his legibus, ut, cujusque populi cives eo certamine 
vicissent, is alteri 6 populo cum bona pace imperitaret. 

40. Male 9 sustinenti arma gladium superne jugulo defigit, 
jacentemque spoliat. 

41. Movet feroci 9 juveni animum comploratio sororis, in 
victoria sua tantoque gaudio publico. 

42. Atrox visum id facinus Patribus plebique : sed recens 
meritum (i facto obstabat. 

43. Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti " corpore nymphaa. 

44. Deiopeiam connubio jungam stabili, propriamque dicabo, 
omnes ut te cum mentis pro talibus annos exigat et pulchra 
facial te ll prole parentem. 

45. Homines infima " fortuna historia delectantur. 

46. Fronte sub adversa u scopulis pendentibus antrum. 
Intus aquas dulces, vivoque sedilia ll saxo, 
Nympharum 10 domus. 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 53 

47. 12 Auctoritate tua nobis opus est. 

48. Ubi testimonia rerum adsunt, quid opus est 1? verbis ? 

49. Tantummodo 12 incepto opus est ; cetera res expediet. 

50. Curius, ubi intellexit quantum periculum 6 consuli impen- 
deat, propere per Fulviam dolum paratum enunciat. 

Notes on the foregoing Sentences. 

1. Eo modo — in this manner. Nouns are frequently governed 
by prepositions understood ; modo is governed by in, or it may 
be regarded as the ablative expressing the manner. See Rule 6. 

Duo—summi. For the declension of duo, see the Declension 
of Adjectives ; and for the comparison of summi, the Com- 
parison of Irregular Adjectives. 

2. Luctus, curce. The combined subject of posuere. 
Cubilia. The object of this verb : nominative singular, neuter, 

cubile, genitive cubilis. See Note under Third Declension. 

4. Desidia. This is the subject of invasit, understood out of 
invasere, the subject expressed of which are lubido and superbia. 
The English translation is, " But when instead of labour, idleness 
(entered), instead of temperance and a sense of justice, passion 
and tyrannical insolence entered, their (the Romans') good for- 
tune together with their morals became changed." Immutatur, 
literally, is changed. This verb is in the present tense, which is 
very frequently used by historical writers for the past or im- 
perfect. 

5. Formidine turpi. This is the cause (Rule 6), and governed 
by scandunt ; in English, " A part scale the horse through (by 
reason of) base fear." 

6. Flammis. The ablative of the means or instrument (Rule 
6). It is governed by undantia, which agrees with ahena ; in 
English, " The caldrons boiling over by the flames." It should 
be mentioned that participles govern the same cases as the verbs 
of which they are parts ; and that adjectives generally in Latin, as 
in English, are to be taken separately as it were from their 
nouns, when the adjective has connected with it an expression of 
limitation : thus we say, " The heated earth ;" but " The earth 
heated by the rays of the sun;" where "The rays of the sun" 
express a limitation of heated ; and show the means by which, 
to the exclusion of all others, the heating took place. 

7. At Lentulus — but Lentulus with (and) others had deter- 
mined that Lucius Bestia, a tribune of the people, should prefer 
a charge concerning the acts of Cicero, and lay the odium of this 
most troublesome outbreak on the best consul (the best of con- 
suls). The pluperfect expresses an act prior to some other act 

d 3 



54 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

expressed or implied. This other act cannot be gathered here, as 
the context is wanted. 

9. Posiremam — the rear rank of the Romans, the Roman 
last line of men. Acies — a body of men in battle array. Agmen 
— a body in line of march ; and exercitus — a body in a state of 
training or military exercise. 

10. Dulce et decorum. The subject of this sentence is pro 
patri mori, which serves as a noun qualified by these adjectives. 
The adjective so placed is always in the neuter gender. 

13. " To speak of one's self is senile," i. e. the property of 
old age. 

14. Momento, see Note 1. Victoria is the subject of venit. 

21. " If I have deserved well from you (at your hands) pity 
your falling house, and, I beseech you, give up this intention." 
The object of a verb is frequently understood : thus oro re- 
quires te. 

22. Et prcedce ducere sortem — and to cast lots for the plunder. 

23. " Use my house for (as) your own (house)." 

24. " The little ant, as soon as Aquarius saddens the inverted 
year, never creeps abroad any where ; but wise (the ant wisely) 
uses those things before acquired." " As soon as Aquarius makes 
sad," i. e. as soon as winter arrives. 

Sapiens. In Latin, as in English, an adjective agreeing with 
the noun is sometimes equivalent to an adverb qualifying the 
verb: thus in the text, "A wise ant uses," = "An ant wisely 
uses." 

Qucesitis. Agreeing as a participial adjective with rebus un- 
derstood. The participle or adjective is frequently placed alone, 
the noun being expressed or implied in the context. 

29. " Why does it delight you timid (filled with anxiety) to 
deposit in the ground, secretly excavated, an immense weight of 
silver and gold ?" 

81. Referebat sese — was bringing herself back, i. e. was re- 
turning. 

Et icetum — and beheld, far off from the sky, joyful iEneas 
and the Trojan fleet even as far as from the Sicilian Pachy- 
nus, she sees them now to build (building) houses, now to 
trust (put confidence in) the land. 

32. Me ne. Ne — whether, an interrogative particle ; this par- 
ticle need not be translated. "Whether do you order me?" 
i. e. Do you order me ? " Do you bid me be unacquainted 
with ?" i. e. Do you think I am unacquainted with ? 

Confidere monstro — do you bid me put confidence in this 
monster ? i. e. the sea ; the meaning is, " I will not put con- 
fidence in it." 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 55 

34. Nunquam — will you never permit us to be relieved 
from this blockade ? Will an enemy once again hang over 
the walls of rising Troy? i. e. Troy once again being built. 

35. " I would not now be ever separated from your sweet 
embrace, my son. Nor would the neighbouring Mezentius, in- 
sulting this person of mine, have ever exhibited so many cruel 
deeds of slaughter with the sword." 

36. Soliti. It will have been observed that certain portions 
of the passive verb are made up of the past participle of the 
verb itself, and some portion of the verb esse. This portion of 
esse is determined by the part of the verb required ; the par- 
ticiple in such case is declined like an adjective of three termina- 
tions and agrees with the subject, like an adjective, in gender, 
number, and case. It is to be remarked, moreover, that the 
portion of esse required is frequently understood : thus, in the 
present instance, sunt is understood, to agree with patres in 
number and person. 

38. " O king, illustrious descendant of Faunus, neither has 
the dark storm forced us, driven by the waves, to enter your 
territories, nor has a star or shore deceived us in (drawn us out 
of) the track of our way." 

39. " Before they engaged, a league was struck up between 
the Romans and Albans on the following conditions — that of 
whatever state the subjects should conquer in that conflict, that 
should rule over the other state in good (firm or honourable) 
peace." This is the literal translation ; the Latin text is 
according to a form of expression which cannot be explained at 
this stage. 

40. " He buries from above (by striking down) his sword in 
the throat of him (ei) badly (scarcely) supporting (able to 
support) his arms." In Latin every word is not expressed, as it 
is in English ; pronouns are frequently understood, as here ; so 
are the Latin equivalents for man and thing, of which more will 
be said hereafter. 

42. Visum. Est is understood. See latter part of Note 36. 

43. " Seven nymphs are to me," i. e. 1 have seven nymphs. 
The verb esse is frequently used for habere, the construction, of 
which more hereafter, being different. 

44. Propriamque dicabo — and will assign (her to you as) 
your own. 

46. Antrum — there is a cave. The subject of est understood. 
Aquce, subject of sunt; as also sedilia. Vivo saxo— seats of 
living (natural) stone. 

47. " There is need to us," &c. &c, i. e. we have need. See 
Note 43. 

d 4 



56 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

49. " There is need only of a beginning, every thing else will 
expedite itself," i. e. push itself on after once set going. 

50. Per Fulviam — through the agency of Fulvia. Per with 
an accusative after it denotes agency in such accusative, and is 
thus equivalent to the ablative of the instrument. 

Questions on the foregoing Sentences. 

1. Decline duo and se. Account for the case of modo. 

2. What is the subject of this sentence ? Decline cubilia. 
Morbi is the subject of habitant; express the verbs with each 
of the remaining subjects. Decline metus and senectus. 

4. Decline cequitate. Why is invasere plural ? What part of 
the verb is it? Give its principal parts. Decline moribus. 

5. What case is formidine in, and why? What part of the 
verb is conduntur ? 

6. What word in this line shows the gender of latices ? Why ? 

7. What may be regarded as the subject of constituerant ? 
When is the pluperfect used ? What part of the adjective is 
gravissimi ? How found ? 

9. Decline peditibus. The radical parts of invadunt ? 

10. Why are dulce and decorum neuter ? 

14. What case is momento in, and by what governed ? 
17- Why is eramus plural ? Why in the first person ? 

18. Account in the same way for the number and person of 
eritis. 

19. The subject of impositi sunt? What part of the verb? 
Why is impositi in the masculine gender ? State generally the 
principle involved here. 

21. What case is domus in ? Why? What rule is this an ex- 
ception to ? 

22. The subject of contigerit ? What part of the verb is it ? 

28. What is the subject ofjuvat? Decline locos. 

29. According to the translation what does furtim qualify ? 
Timidum ? What does defossa agree with ? 

32. What is the exact use of ne ? Decline fluctus and monstro, 
and account for the case of both. 

33. Whether does temere qualify solebat or irasci ? 

35. Decline funera. What part of the verb is divellerer ? 

36. What part of the verb is soliti ? What part of the verb is 
omitted? What case is mensis ? Why ? 

38. Decline genus. What case is it in? Why? What is 
fluctibus governed by ? What case is terris in ? Why ? Decline 
sidus, and give the radical parts offefellit. 

39. What part of the verb is vicissent? Give its radical parts. 
What case is populo in ? Why ? 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. £? 

40. What does sustinenti agree with ? What principle is in- 
volved here? What does jacentem agree with ? 

42. What is understood with visum? What case is facto in, 
and why ? 

43. Why is corpore in the ablative ? Also prole ? 
46. What is aquce the subject of? Decline sedilia. 

Rules. 

7. The infinitive mood takes before it an accusative instead of 
a nominative as a subject. This accusative is translated into 
English with the word that prefixed. 

8. Any transitive may be changed into a passive verb. The 
following changes taking place necessarily in the construction of 
the sentence : — 

1. The object of the transitive verb becomes the subject of 
the passive verb. 

2. The' subject of the transitive verb becomes the ablative of 
the agent. This ablative is introduced with or without a or ab, 
and is sometimes expressed in the dative. 

3. The number and person of the passive verb are determined 
by those of its own subject. 

9. Esse for habere requires a dative case. The following changes 
necessarily take place in the construction of the sentence : — 

1. The object of habere becomes the subject of esse. 

2. The subject of habere becomes the dative, the number 
remaining the same. 

3. The number and person of esse are determined by those of 
its subject. 

Note. — The mood and tense of the two verbs are always the 
same. 

10. The comparative degree is followed by an ablative case, 
which is translated into English by the prefix than. 

Note. — This ablative is equivalent to quam, than, and such 
case of the noun or pronoun following as the construction of the 
sentence would naturally require. 

11. The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, 
number, and person. 

Note. — Sometimes they agree in case, but this is not essential, 
and depends altogether on the construction of the sentence ; that 
is, on the position which they both occupy therein. 

12. The relative is the nominative to the verb when no nomi- 
native comes between them. 

Note. — The case of the relative is in all instances the case 
D 5 



58 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

which the noun would be in for which the relative is a substitute. 
Also, when the relative is connected objectively with the verb, it 
precedes the verb in Latin, as in English. 

13. The verbs sum, fio, existo, verbs passive of naming, and 
most passive and intransitive verbs, are followed by that case of 
the noun or pronoun which precedes it. 

14. The ablative case is frequently used absolutely, that is, 
free from the government of any other word : in this case it 
frequently agrees with the past participle, the word being being 
understood between them. It most frequently expresses a state 
of being, and the cause of an expressed act. 

15. The feminine noun res, a thing, is frequently omitted, and, 
in such case, the adjective is made neuter ; also homo, a man, is 
omitted, and the adjective made masculine. 

In the following sentences the whole of the foregoing rules and 
observations will be illustrated. 

1. Fcedere icto trigemini, arma capiunt. 

2. Priusquam inde digrederentur, roganti Metto ex fcedere icto 
quid imperaret, imperat Tullus, uti juventutem in armis habeat ; 
usurum se eorum opera, si bellum cum Vejentibus foret. 

3. Ita exercitus inde domos abducti. Princeps Horatius ibat, 
trigemina spolia prae se gerens. Cui soror virgo, quae desponsa 
uni ex Curiatiis fuerat, obvia ante portam Capenam fuit ; cogni- 
toque super humeros fratris paludamento sponsi, quod ipsa con- 
fecerat, solvit crines, et flebiliter nomine sponsum mortuum ap- 
pellat. 

4. Corripuere viam interea, qua semita monstrat. 
Jamque ascendebant collem, qui plurimus urbi 
Imminet, adversasque aspectat desuper arces. 
Miratur molem iEneas, magalia quondam : 
Miratur portas, strepitumque, et strata viarum. 
Instant ardentes Tyrii : pars ducere muros, 
Molirique arcem, et manibus subvolvere saxa : 
Pars aptare locum tecto et concludere sulco. 

5. Improbus est, qui scit beneficium accipere, nescit reddere. 

6. Caesar benefices ac munificentia magnus habebatur, inte- 
gritate vitae Cato. 

7. In mundo Deus est, qui regit, qui gubernat, qui cursum 
astrorum, qui mutationes temporum, rerum vicissitudines, ordines- 
que conservat. 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 



59 



8. Regius, accitu cari genitoris, ad urbem 
Sidoniam puer ire parat, mea maxima cura, 
Dona ferens pelago, et flammis restantia Trojse. 

9. Forte in duobus turn exercitibus erant trigemini fratres, nee 
retate, nee viribus dispares, Horatios Curiatiosque fuisse satis 
constat. 

10. Quibus rebus confectis, omnia propere per nuncios consuli 
declarantur. 

In the following sentences the contrast will be exhibited be- 
tween the different constructions refered to in Rules 8, 9, 10. 



Rule 8. 



TRANSITIVE. 

11. Oves lanam praebent. 

12. Scipio vicit Annibalem. 

13. Ego cepi lsetitiam ex 
epistola patris. 

14. Pater ventorum regit 
navem. 

15. Fortia taurorum corpora 
frangit opus. 

16. Miles timet sagittam 
hostis. 

17. Sapientem neque pau- 
pertas, neque mors, neque vin- 
cula terrent. 

18. Literas 
promisisti. 



expecto quas 



PASSIVE. 

Lana ab ovibus praebetur. 

Annibal a Scipione victus est. 

Laetitia a me capta est ex 
epistola patris. 

Navis regitur patre ven- 
torum. 

Fortia corpora taurorum ab 
opere franguntur. 

Sagitta hostis a milite time- 
tur. 

Sapiens neque paupertate, 
neque morte, neque vinculis 
terretur. 

Literae a me expectantur, 
quas promisisti. 



Rule 9. 



HABERE. 

19. Ego habeo septem nym- 
phas. 

20. Regna Tyri habebat 
Pygmalion. 

21. iEtemumque locus Pali- 
nuri nomen habebit. 

22. Primum regem Athe- 
nienses habuere Cecropem. 



d 6 



Septem nymphae sunt mihi. 

Regna Tyri erant Pygma- 
lioni. 

iEternumque loco Palinuri 
nomen erit. 

Primus rex Atheniensibus 
fuit Cecrops. 



60 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 



Rule 10 

COMPARATIVE AND ABLATIVE. 

23. Nihil est dulcius his li- 
teris, quibus ccelum, terras, 
maria cognoscimus. 

24. Scientia nulla res est 
prsestantior. 

25. Vilius argentum est auro, 
virtutibus aurum. 



COMPARATIVE AND QUAM. 

Nihil est dulcius quam hse 
literae (sunt) quibus ccelum, 
terras, maria cognoscimus. 

Nulla res est praestantior quam 
scientia (est). 

Vilius argentum est quam 
aurum (est), aurum (est vilius) 
quam virtutes (sunt). 

26. Non debemus quidquam agere, cujus non possimus causam 
reddere. 

27- Pecuniam in loco negligere, maximum interdum est 
lucrum. 

28. Cur me querelis exanimas tuis ? Nee Dis amicum est, 
nee mihi, te prius obire, Maecenas, mearum grande decus colu- 
menque rerum. 

29. Scandit seratas vitiosa naves cura, nee turmas equitum 
relinquit, ocior cervis, et agente nimbos ocior Euro. 

30. Nempe inter varias nutritur sylva columnas, laudaturque 
domus longos quae prospicit agros. 

31. Nil admirari prope res est una, solaque, quae possit facere 
et servare beatum. 

32. Quando pauperiem, missis ambagibus, horres, accipe, qua 
ratione queas ditescere. Turdus, sive aliud privum dabitur tibi, 
devolet illuc, res ubi magna nitet, domino sene. 

33. Tile gravem duro terram qui vertit aratro, miles, nautaeque 
per omnes audaces mare qui currunt, hac mente laborem sese 
ferre, senes ut in otia tuta recedant, aiunt, cum sibi sint. congesta 
cibaria. 

34. Est modus in rebus, sunt certi denique fines, 
Quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum. 

35. Nee diu pax Albana mansit, invidia vulgi, quod tribus 
militibus fortuna publica commissa fuerit, vanum ingenium dicta- 
toris corrupit, et quoniam recta consilia haud bene evenerant, 
pravis reconciliare popularium animos ccepit. 

36. Igitur, ut prius in bello pacem, sic in pace bellum quaerens, 
quia suae civitati animoruin plus quam virium cernebat esse, ad 
bellum concitat alios populos. 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 61 

37. Postquam, regno diviso, legati Africa tliscessere, et Ju- 
gurtha, contra timorem animi, praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt; 
certum ratus, quod ex amicis apud Numantiam acceperat, omnia 
Romae venalia esse, simul et illorum pollicitationibus accensus, 
quos paullo ante muneribus expleverat, in regnum Adherbalis 
animum intendit 

38. Ceterum fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi 
divulgatur. Adherbalem omnesque qui sub imperio Micipsse 
fuerant, metus invadit ; in duas partes discedunt; plures Adher- 
balem sequuntur, sed ilium alterum bello meliores. Igitur 
Jugurtha quam maximas potest copias armat ; urbes, partim vi, 
alias voluntate, imperio suo adjungit ; omni Numidias imperare 
parat. 

39. Prodigus et stultus donat quae spernit et odit. 

40. Fingit equum tenera docilem cervice magister ire viam 
qua monstret eques. 

41. Quo semel est imbuta recens, servabit odorem 
Testa diu. 

42. Invidus, iracundus, iners, vinosus, amator ; 
Nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit, 
Si modo culturae patientem commodet aurem. 

43. Vides, quae maxima credis 

Esse mala, exiguum censum, turpemque repulsam, 
Quanto devites animi capitisque labore. 
Impiger extremos curris mercator ad Indos, 
Per mare pauperiem fugiens, per saxa, per ignes : 
Ne cures ea quae stulte miraris et optas, 
Discere et audire et meliori credere non vis ? 

44. Cervus equum pugna melior communibus herbis 
Pellebat, donee minor in certamine longo 
Imploravit opes hominis, fraenumque recepit ; 
Sed postquam victor violens discessit ab hoste, 
Non equitem dorso, non fraenum depulit ore. 
Sic qui pauperiem veritus, potiore metallis 
Libertate caret, dominum vehet improbus, atque 
Serviet aeternum, quia parvo nesciet uti. 

Cui non conveniet sua res, ut calceus olim, 
Si pede major erit, subvertet ; si minor, teret. 

45. Hie onus horret 

Ut parvis animis, et parvo corpore majus ; 

Hie subit et perfert. Aut virtus noraen inane est, 

Aut decus et pretium recte petit experiens vir. 



62 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

46. Postquam Cato adsedit, consulares omnes, itemque sena- 
tus magna pars, sententiam ejus laudant, virtutem animi ad 
coelum ferunt. Alii alios increpantes timidos vocant ; Cato mag- 
nus atque clarus habetur. 

47. Sciebam saepenumero parva manu cum magnis legionibus 
hostium contendisse ; cognoveram parvis copiis bella gesta cum 
opulsntis regibus ; ad hoc, ssepe fortunae violentiam toleravisse ; 
facundia Graecos, gloria belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse. Ac 
mihi multa agitanti constabat, paucorum civium egregiam virtu- 
tern cuncta patravisse, eoque factum, uti divitias paupertas, 
multitudinem paucitas superaret. 

48. Caesar beneficiis ac munificentia magnus habebatur, in- 
tegritate vitae Cato. Ille mansuetudine et misericordia clarus 
factus, huic severitas dignitatem addiderat. His genus, aetas, 
eloquentia prope aequalia fuere. 

49. Numae morte ad interregnum res rediit. Inde Tullum 
Hostilium, nepotem Hostilii, cujus in infima arce clara pugna 
adversus Sabinos fuerat, regem populus jussit. Patres auctores 
facti. 

50. Sed, confecto praelio, turn vero cerneres quanta audacia, 
quantaque animi vis fuisset in exercitu Catilinae. Nam fere 
quern quisque pugna locum ceperat, eum, amissa anima, corpore 
tegebat. Pauci autem, quos cohors praetoria disjecerat, paullo 
diversius, sed omnes tamen adversis vulneribus conciderant. 
Catilina vero longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est, 
paullulum etiam spirans, ferociamque animi, quam habuerat 
vivus, in vultu retinens. 

51. Sic locutus, cum literis, quas Micipsae redderet, dimisit. 
Earum sententia haec erat : Jugurthae tui bello Numantino longe 
maxima virtus fuit ; nobis ob merita carus est, uti idem senatui 
sit, et populo Romano, summa ope nitemur. Tibi quidem pro 
nostra amicitia gratulor. Igitur rex, ubi quae fama acceperat, 
ex literis imperatoris ita esse cognovit, cum virtute viri, turn 
gratia permotus, flexit animum suum, et Jugurtham beneficiis 
vincere aggressus est, statimque adoptavit, et testamento pariter 
cum filiis heredem instituit. Sed ipse paucos post annos, morbo 
atque aetate confectus, cum sibi finem vitae adesse intelligeret, 
coram amicis et cognatis, item Adherbale et Hiempsale filiis, 
dicitur hujuscemodi verba cum Jugurtha habuisse. 

Notes on the foregoing. 
1. Fcedere icto — the league being struck (see Rule 14). 
The propriety of the usage of the word strike in such case, arises 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 63 

from the fact of leagues having been ratified by striking, i.e. 
sacrificing, a victim. * 

2. Ex feeder e icto— according to the struck league, i.e. the 
league which had been struck. 

Tullus imperat~Tn\\us commands Mettus inquiring what he 
(lullus) would command him, according, &c. 

3. Abducti (sunt)— were withdrawn to their homes 

> Cm soror. The order is, Cui soror, virgo, fuit obvia, " whom 

adadvT' a Virgm ' met : " 1,terally ' WaS meeting * 0bvia g° verns 

Q«« ^ O ;m/ Mm ^_ w ho had been betrothed to one of the 
Curiat,, Mark the force of the pluperfect. The betrothal had 
occurred before the battle. 

Cognitoque— and having recognized on her brother's shoulders 
See RulTu ° f ^ SP ° USe ' ^ d0ak ^ reco g nized - 

Quod ipsa confecerat— which she herself had wrought. See 
Note under Rule 12, and Rule 12 itself. 

4. Qui plurimus— which, very large, very much, i.e. to a 
great extent hangs over (overlooks) the city. Plurknus agrees 
with qui, i.e. co//zs. ° 

^jpecte*. The subject is ?M i, i.e. collis. "And which looks 
* the opposite citadels from its top," i.e. commands a view 

Miratur—Mneas wonders at the vast size of the city, once 
but Numidian huts. Magalia is in apposition with molem, which 
is put for the city itself. See Observation 10, Rule 5 
Jtrepttumque-the noise of the workmen and the paved streets 
{strata vtarum). With strata, loca is understood. "The laid 
down places of the streets." 

walk™ ^^^ Wmr05 - sorae (P ress °n. ^stant) to raise the 

^ptare fern te^o—to fit out or prepare a site for a building 
and to enclose it with a ditch. s ' 

5. AW-knows not how (ne, not, and saVe, to know). The 
object of reddere is beneficium, understood ; and the antecedent 
to qui ,s ,/fe, understood, the subject of est and of the sentence. 

6. ^^«w acmunificentia. See Rule 6. CWo is the subject 
ofhabebatur, understood; which latter has magnus, understood, 
as its complement. " 

7. Bens est-* God is in the world: i.e. according to Jthe 
usage of the English, " There is a God." 

8. Mea maxima cura. See Observation 10. 
Pe%o, flammis, both governed by ex, understood. 

9. Cto«*. The subject is the remainder of the sentence 



64 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

"That they were the Horatii and the Curiatii is quite well 
agreed on." 

10. Quibus rebus confcctis — which things being accomplished. 
See Rule 14. 

Omnia — all things : equivalent to omnes res. See Rule 15. 

13. Palris. The complements undergo no change ; the parts 
changed being the subject, the object, and the verb. 

17. Terrent. The verb is plural, to agree with the last-named 
subject. The verb terret is understood with each of the pre- 
ceding singular subjects : the learner will observe that this is also 
the usage of the English language. 

18. Quas. The student will pay especial attention to Rules 
11, 12, with the Notes under them. 

24. Prcestantior (prce, before, and stare, to stand). 

27. In loco — in the proper place, i.e. at the proper time. 
Pecuniam negligere, &c, &c, is the subject of est. See Observa- 
tion 2. 

28. Dis. The mark ( A ) over a word indicates that a letter or 
syllable is omitted. The word in question is syncopated for divis, 
the dative atid ablative plural of deus ; the old nominative was 
divus. See Definition 9. 

Te obire. Te is the subject. See Rule 7. 

Nee — nee. Two necs so coming together are translated, the 
first, neither ; the second, nor. When so situated they are called 
correlatives ; the first being called the antecedent, and the second 
the consequent. 

Decus columen. In apposition with te in the accusative, or 
Maecenas in the vocative. 

29. Cervis, Euro. See Rule 10. 

Agente nimbos — than the east wind (Euro) driving before it 
the clouds. " The cloud-driving east wind." 

31. Una, solaque — the one and only thing. 

Nil admirari. The subject of est. " To be struck with ad- 
miration of nothing." To set one's heart on nothing. 
Beatum. Hominem is understood. See Rule 15. 

32. Missis ambagibus — circumlocution being given up. Rule 
14. 

Jccipe — hear. Auribus is understood. " Take in with the 
ears." So accipe {oculis) — " see." 

Qua ratio ne — by what means. 

Turdus. Understand si. " If or should a thrush or any other 
private thing (something for your own private use) be given to 
you, let it fly thither (be speedily sent) where a great property 
shines, the owner being an old man." (This is a satire on the 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 65 

habit of paying court to the rich ; of course the language is 
ironical.) 

33. From Me to miles inclusive is a periphrasis for agricola, 
a husbandman. " He who turns up the sluggish soil with the 
hard ploughshare, the soldier, and the sailors who bold (boldly) 
voyage through every sea, say (aiunt) that they endure toil with 
this intent, that they (when) old may retire into safe ease (a 
quiet life of ease) when provisions (a subsistence) have been put 
up by them." 

Sibi. The dative after the passive verb congesta sint. See 
Rule 8, and Observation 2 under it. 

35. Invidia vulgi — the dissatisfaction of the common people 
(the cause of which was) that the public fortune was given up to 
the keeping of three champions warped (turned from the path of 
honour) the fickle disposition of the dictator. And, since straight- 
forward plans had not turned out well, he began to attach (to 
himself) the affections of his subjects by dishonest (plans, con- 



36. Ut prius — as before seeking peace during a period of war 
(in bello), so (now) seeking war during a time of peace, he rouses 
to arms other states, because he perceived that his own state had 
more courage (of courage) than strength. The student will ob- 
serve that the principal verb does not necessarily come first in 
the sentence, and that it cannot be in a subsidiary or dependent 
clause, such as that beginning with quia in this place, the words 
wherein are employed to give a reason for the act expressed by 
concitat. 

Plus animorum is the accusative subject of esse. " He per- 
ceived that more of courage was to his own state." For the 
syntax of civitati see Rule 9, with the Observations under it. 

37. Regno diviso — the kingdom being divided, i.e. after the 
division of the kingdom. 

Et Jugurtha — and (when, postquam) Jugurtha perceived that 
he had obtained (sese adeptum esse) the reward of his perfidy, 
thinking that that was true (id esse certum) which he had heard, 
viz. that all things were saleable (to be had for money) at Rome, 
and also (simul) fired by the promises of those whom he had a 
short time before satiated with money, &c. &c. 

Africa, the ablative governed by ex, understood. 

Sese, the accusative subject of adeptum esse. See Rule 7. 

Certum ratus. Supply id (for earn rem) esse. 

Quod acceperat. See Rules 11, 12, and Notes; also Note on 
accipe in sentence 32 of the foregoing. 

Romce — at Rome. The syntax of this and such words will 
be hereafter laid down in a definite rule. 



66 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

38. Facinoris. F acinus is a deed, good or bad ; scelus, a 
deed always bad. 

Brevi, an adverb, or the ablative of brevis, agreeing with 
tempore, understood. 

Ilium alterum — the other. Ilium supplies the place of the 
definite article wanted in Latin. 

Bello meliores — those who were superior in war (follow) the 
other. 

Quam maximas copias — as great a number or forces as 
possible. This is a common phraseology in Caesar, Sallust, and 
Livy. 

Partim vi — some by violent measures, others of their own free 
will. 

39. Prodigus, stultus. See Rule 15. 
Quce spernit — the things which he despises. The antecedent 

of quce is ea — those things ; and the ea (which is understood) is 
the object of donat. This is a common usage in the Latin lan- 
guage, and nearly allied to the conversion of the relative and the 
antecedent in English into the compound what. 

40. Tenera cervice — the docile horse of (possessed of) tender 
(flexible) neck. See Observation 11, under Rule 5. 

Ire viam — to go the way. This accusative may be regarded 
as governed by the intransitive ire, in like manner as intransitive 
verbs in English are followed by an objective case analogous to 
the verb in signification : as, " He walked a distance of forty 
miles." It is evident, however, that the object in both languages 
is governed by a preposition understood. 

41. "Ajar (or vessel) will long retain the odour with which 
(when) fresh it has once been tinged." 

42. Culturce — to learning or philosophy. Governed by com- 
modet. See Observation 6', under Rule 3. 

43. " You see with how much labour of mind and body you 
shun those misfortunes which you believe (to be) the greatest ;" 
viz. a small income and degrading rejection (when seeking a 
political office). 

Quce maxima credis. Mala is the object of devites, and the 
antecedent of quce, and this quce is the accusative subject of 
esse understood : mala is out of its proper clause as the ante- 
cedent. This is a species of attraction, the name given to a con- 
struction of which the Latin and especially the Greek writers 
were very fond. 

Censum, repulsam, in apposition with mala. 

Ne cures ea — do you not wish, i. e. will you not learn, and 
hear, and intrust yourself to a better person (one of more ex- 
perience, i. e. a philosopher), that you may not (lest you may) 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 67 

regard those things which you foolishly admire and wish for. 
Ne is equivalent to ut non. 

44. Minor — until (the horse) worse, i. e. vanquished in the 
long conflict. 

Discessit, the subject is equus. 

Sic qui — in like manner the man (homo, understood) who 
fearing poverty gives up his liberty (caret libertate), preferable 
to metals, wretch that he is (improbus agreeing with homo), 
will carry a master and will be a slave for ever, because he 
will not know (how) to use a little, i. e. to be content with a 
competency. 

Libertate is the ablative governed by caret; it will be laid 
down hereafter that verbs of abounding and the opposite are 
followed by the ablative. 

Metallis, parvo. For the syntax of these words respectively 
consult Rule 10, and Observation 6, Rule 3. Also with regard 
to the adjective parvo, consult Rule 15. 

45. " One man (hie) fears the load as too great for his little 
soul and little body (literally, greater than his soul, &c. &c). 
Another (hie) goes under it, and carries it through. Either vir- 
tue is an empty name, or the man who has made the attempt 
justly lays claim to the glory and the reward." 

46. Consulares omnes — all persons of consular rank. 
Magnus atque clarus. See Rules 15 and 13. 

47. " I was aware that they (the Romans) had often con- 
tended against (with, cum) numerous legions of the enemy with 
small forces (a handful of men). I had known that wars had 
been waged (gesta esse) against opulent kings with small re- 
sources ; moreover (ad hoc, in addition to this) that they (I had 
known that they, the Romans) had often endured the shock (a 
reverse) of fortune; (I had known) that the Greeks were before 
(excelled) the Romans in eloquence, that the Gauls (excelled 
them) in the glory of war (military glory). And to me, ponder- 
ing over many things, it was evident that the distinguished virtue 
of a few citizens had accomplished all, and by this means that it 
had happened that poverty overcame riches, and a few men 
(paucitas) overcame a great number. 

Contendisse, gesta esse, toleravisse, fuisse, patravisse, factum 
esse. The accusative subjects of these infinitives respectively are, 
Romanos, bella, Romanos, Grcecos, and Gallos, virtutem, the whole 
sentence from uti to superaret inclusive. 

Constabat. The subject is the whole sentence from paucorum 
to superaret inclusive. 

48. Cato, the subject of habebatur, understood. 
Me — huic. The former became (factus est) illustrious by his 



68 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

clemency and compassion ; austerity of manner had imparted 
dignity to the latter (kuic). When hie and Me are so used, hie 
signifies the latter; Me, the former. 

His genus— their family extraction, or rank, age, (and) elo- 
quence were nearly (things) equal. His is the dative for the 
genitive complement. See Observation 9, under Rule 5. jEqualia 
is the nominative plural of the adjective, and neuter as qualifying 
three nouns all neuter. 

Clarus, magnus. For the syntax of these words consult Rules 
13 and 15. 

49. " At the death of Numa the government returned to an 
interregnum." Morte may be regarded as the ablative of the 
cause. See Rule 6. 

Inde— after that the people elected as king Tullus Hostilius, 
the grandson of (that) Hostilius, whose stand (pugna) against the 
Sabines at the bottom of the citadel had been well known. 

Patres auctores facti (sunt) — the fathers became approvers (of 
the act) ; i. e. gave their assent. For the syntax of auctores con- 
sult Rule 13. 

50. Confeeto prcelio — the battle being finished. See Rule 14. 
Fuisset. See Observation 1, under Rule 1. The principle 

enunciated in this observation with regard to two singular nouns 
copulatively connected is more frequently neglected in Latin than 
in English. 

Quern quisque. Both quisque and locum are out of their own 
clause. This also is a species of attraction : the order should be, 
Nam fere quisque tegebat eum locum corpore, amissa anima, quern 
eeperat pugna. 

Amissa anima — his life being lost. " When he had lost his life." 

Paullo diversius — a little farther asunder. 

Adversis vulneribus — with adverse wounds. " Wounds in their 
front." 

A suis — from his men (militibus). 

Quam habuerat vivus — which he (when) alive had possessed. 

51. "Having thus spoken he dismissed him with a letter, 
which he should deliver (to deliver, in English) to Micipsa." 
Literce, in the plural, signifies an epistle ; litera, in the singular, 
a letter of the alphabet. 

Earum sententia hcec erat— this was (is, in English) a copy 
of it. 

Longe maxima — the valour of your Jugurtha shone forth con- 
spicuous (was by far the greatest). 

Summa ope nitemur — we (I) shall endeavour with all my 
power that he be the same to the senate, &c. &c. i. c, that he 
be in equal estimation, &c. &c. 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 69 

Pro nostra amicitia — in regard of our friendship. 

Ita esse — when he understood that those things (ea) which he 
had heard by report were so (as he had heard them). Esse. The 
subject is ea—eas res, the antecedent of quce. 

Cum — turn. These are correlative terms, and when so related 
the former signifies, as well, the latter, as. 

Filiis. The ablative, which, though plural, is in apposition 
with Adherbale and Hiempsale, both together making a plural. 

Rules. 

16. An adjective in the neuter gender is followed sometimes 
by the genitive of the noun which it qualifies. 

17. Adjectives which signify desire, knowledge, remembrance, 
ignorance, care, fear, guilt, and various affections of the mind are 
followed by a genitive. 

18. Adjectives and verbs which signify profit or loss, like- 
ness and unlikeness, &c. &c. are followed by a dative. 

19. Verbal adjectives ending in ax are followed by a genitive; 
and verbal adjectives ending in bills, and participles in dus, are 
followed by the dative. 

20. Adjectives and verbs signifying plenty or want, govern, 
sometimes the genitive, sometimes the ablative : the verbs, how- 
ever, most frequently the ablative. 

21. The adjectives dignus, indignus, prceditus, captus, con- 
tentus, fyc. fyc., require an ablative. 

22. The verb esse, implying possession, property, or duty, is 
followed by a genitive ; which, however, is not governed by esse 
itself, but is the complement of some noun understood. 

23. Verbs of accusing, condemning, acquitting, warning, &c. 
&c, are followed, in the active voice, by an accusative expressing 
the person accused, &c. &c, and by a genitive expressing the 
crime, &c. &c. In the passive voice this genitive only is re- 
tained. 

24. All verbs used acquisitively, that is, expressing something 
done for, or to a person or thing, require the dative of such 
person or thing. Some of such verbs take after them, in addi- 
tion, an accusative, as being transitive verbs. 

25. Verbs of asking, teaching, clothing, concealing, admonish- 
ing, &c &c, govern two accusatives — one of the person, another 
of the thing. In the passive voice the accusative of the thing 
only is retained. 

26. A preposition in a compound word requires after it the 
case which the preposition governs when not in a compound. 

27. Natus, satus, creatus, ortus, editus, take after them an 
ablative, with or without the prepositions, e, ex, 8$c. fyc. 



70 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

28. The supine in urn follows verbs implying motion, and the 
supine in u follows adjectives; the former has an active, the 
latter a passive signification. 

29. The part affected is put in the accusative, which, as gram- 
marians lay down, is governed by quoad or secundum, prepositions 
implying as to. 

30. The gerund in di serves as a genitive case, the gerund in 
do as a dative or ablative, and the gerund in dum as an accusative. 

31. The word which expresses the price of an article is put 
in the ablative case, except the adjectives tanti, quanti, pluris, 
minoris, tantivis, quantilibet, quanticunque, which are expressed 
in the genitive. 

32. The name of a town (if of the first or second declension 
and singular number) is put in the genitive, which answers to the 
question — where ? 

Note. — In like manner are used the genitives humi, domi, belli, 
militice. 

33. If the noun be of the third declension, or of the plural 
number, it is put in the ablative. 

34. The name of the place towards which motion is directed is 
put in the accusative, with or without a preposition governing 
such case. 

Sentences. 

1. Postremo, omnes quos flagitium, egestas, conscius animus 
exagitabat ; ii Catilinae proximi familiaresque erant. Quod si 
quis etiam a culpa vacuus in amicitiam ejus inciderat, quotidiano 
usu atque illecebris facile par similisque ceteris efficiebatur. 

2. Ubi satis explorata sunt, quae voluit, in unum omnes con- 
vocat, quibus maxima necessitudo et plurimum audaciae. 

3. Ceterum juventus sed maxime nobilium, Catilinae inceptis 
favebat. Quibus in otio vel magnifice, vel molliter vivere copia 
erat, incerta pro certis, bellum, quam pacem malebant. Fuere 
item ea tempestate, qui crederent Marcum Licinium Crassum 
non ignarum consilii fuisse ; quia Cneius Pompeius, invisus ipsi, 
magnum exercitum ductabat, cujusvis opes voluisse contra illius 
potentiam crescere, simul confisum, si conjuratio valuisset, facile 
apud illos principem se fore. 

4. Fuere ea tempestate, qui dicerent, Catilinam, oratione 
habita, humani corporis sanguinem, vino permixtum, in pateris 
circumtulisse ; inde cum post exsecrationem omnes degustavis- 
sent, sicuti in solemnibus sacris fieri consuevit, aperuisse consilium 
suum, atque eo, dictitare, fecisse, quo inter se fidi magis forent, 
alius alii tanti facinoris conscii. Nonnulli ficta haec, multa prae- 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 7l 

terea, existimabant, ab lis, qui Ciceronis invidiam, que postea 
dederant credebant atrocitate sceleris eorum, qui poenas 

5. His rebus comparatis, Catilina nihilominus in proximum 
annum consulatum petebat ; sperans, si designate foreL facile se 
ex voluntate Antonio usurum. Neque interea quietus erat, sed 
omnibus modis msidias parabat Ciceroni. Neque illi tamen ad 
cavendum dolus, aut astutiae deerant, namque, a principio con- 
sular sui, multa po lhcendo per Fulviam, effecerat, ut Quintus 
Uurms, de quo paullo ante memoravi, consilia Catilinae sibi 
proderet. Ad hoc, collegam suum Antonium, pactione provincial 
perpulerat, ne contra rempublicam sentiret ; circum se presidia 
amicorum atque cl.entium occulte habebat. Postquam dies 
comitjorum venit et Catiline neque petitio, neque insidi*. quas 
consuhbus fecerat prospere cessere, constituit bellum facere et 
extrema omnia experiri. 

6. Igitur, perterritis ac dubitantibus ceteris, Cornelius, eques 
Komanus, operam suam pollicitus, et cum eo Lucius Vamun- 
teius, senator, constituere, ea nocte paullo post cum armatis 
hommibus introire ad Ciceronem ac imparatum confodere 
Curius ubi mtelligit quantum periculi consul! impendeat, propere 
Per Fulviam dolum, qui parabatur, enunciat. Interea Manlius 
in fctruna plebem sollicitare, egestate simul ac dolore injuria* 
novarum rerum cupidam. *j""<« 

,prl ; , De ° S h0mines ^ e te ^amur, nos arma neque contra patriam 
cepsse neque quo penculum homini faceremus, sed uti corpora 

Slrr^ qUi miSGri ' egent6S ' violentiaafque 
fortnl f0er ; eratorum ' P ler 'q«e patriae, sed omnes fama atque 
fortums expertes sumus ; neque cuiquam nostrum licuit, more 
majorum, lege uti neque amisso patrimonio, liberum corpus 
habere ; tanta saevitia fceneratorum atque pratoris fuit. P 

8. Igitur Publio Umbreno cuidam negotium dat, uti legatos 
Alobrogum requirat, eosque, si possit, impellat ad societatem 
beH ; existimans, publice pnvatimque ere alieno oppressos, 
praaterea quod natura gens Gallica bellicosa esset, facile eos ad 
tale consilium adduc. posse. Umbrenus, quod in Gallia nego- 
tiate, plensque pnncipibus notus erat, atque eos noverat ; ita- 
que sine mora, ubi primum legatos in foro conspexit, percunc- 
tatus pauca de statu civitatis, et quasi dolens ejus casum, requirere 

?' q^ exitum tantismalissperarent?" Postquam illos 
Mdet quen de avantia magistratuum, accusare senatum, quod in 
eo auxih. mhil esset, miseriis suis remedium mortem explctare 

At ego, mquit, "vobis, si modo viri esse vultis, rationem 



72 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

ostendam, qua tanta ista mala effugiatis." Haec ubi dixit, 
Allobroges, in maximam spem adducti, Umbrenum orare, uti 
sui misereretur : nihil tarn asperum, neque tarn difficile, quin 
cupidissime facturi essent, dum ea res civitatem aere alieno libe- 
raret. Ille eos in doraum Decimi Bruti perducit, quod foro 
propinqua, neque aliena consilii, propter Semproniam ; nam turn 
Brutus ab Roma aberat. Praeterea Gabinium arcessit, quo 
major auctoritas sermoni inesset : eo praesente conjurationem 
aperit ; nominat socios, praeterea multos cujusque generis, quo 
legatis animus amplior esset ; dein eos pollicitos operam suam 
dimittit. 

9. Postquam, Caesar dicendi finem fecit, ceteri verbo, alius 
alii, varie adsentiebantur ; at Marcus Porcius Cato, rogatus sen- 
tentiam, hujuscemodi orationem habuit. 

10. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis sententiam discessit, 
consul, optimum factum ratus, noctem, qua? instabat, antecapere, 
ne quid eo spatio novaretur, triumviros, quae supplicium postu- 
labat, parare jubet ; ipse, dispositis praesidiis, Lentulum in 
carcerem deducit : idem fit ceteris per praetores. Est locus in 
carcere, quod Tullianum adpellatur, ubi paullulum ascenderis ad 
laevam. Eum muniunt undique parietes. In eum locum post- 
quam demissus Lentulus, quibus praeceptum erat, laqueo gulam 
fregere. Ita ille patricius, ex clarissima gente Corneliorum, qui 
consulare imperium habuerat, dignum moribus factisque suis 
exitum vitae invenit. 

11. Interea Catilina cum expeditis in prima acie versari, labo- 
rantibus succurrere, integros pro sauciis arcessere, omnia pro- 
videre, multum ipse pugnare, saepe hostem ferire, strenui militis 
et boni imperatoris officia simul exsequebatur. Petreius, ubi 
videt Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, cohortem 
praetoriam in medios hostes inducit ; eos perturbatos atque alios 
alibi resistentes interficit. Postquam fusas copias, seque cum 
paucis relictum videt Catilina, memor generis atque pristinae 
dignitatis, in confertissimos hostes incurrit, ibique pugnans con- 
foditur. 

12. At Jugurtha manifestus tanti sceleris, non prius omisit 
contra verum niti quam animadvertit supra gratiam atque pecu- 
niam suam invidiam facti esse. Igitur, quamquam in priore 
actione ex amicis quinquaginta vades dederat, regno magis, quam 
vadibus consulens, clam in Numidiam Bomilcarem dimittit, veri- 
tus, ne reliquos populares metus invaderet parendi sibi, si de illo 
supplicium sumtum foret. Et ipse paucis diebus profectus est, 
jussus ab senatu Italia decedere. Sed postquam Roma egressus 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 73 

est, fertur saepe eo tacitus respiciens postremo dixisse, Urbem 
venalem et mature perituram, si emptorem invenerit. 

13. Interea Jugurtha, ubi, quae Metellus agebat, ex nunciis 
accepit, diffidere suis rebus. Ac turn demum veram deditionem 
facere conatus est. Igitur legatos ad consulem cum suppliciis 
mittit, qui tantummodo ipsi liberisque vitam peterent, alia 
omnia dederent populo Romano. Sed Metello jam antea experi- 
mentis cognitum erat genus Numidarum infidum, ingenio mobili, 
novarum rerum avidum. Itaque legatos alium ab alio diversos 
adgreditur, ac, paullatim tentando, postquam opportunos cogno- 
vit, multa pollicendo persuadet, uti Jugurtham maxime vivum, 
sin id parum procedat, necatum sibi traderent, ceterum palam, 
quae ex voluntate forent, regi nunciari jubet. 

14. Aurum per medios ire satellites 

Et perrumpere amat saxa, potentius 
Ictu fulmineo. 

15. Divis orte bonis, optime Romulge 
Custos gentis, abes jam nimium diu, 
Maturum reditum pollicitus patrum 

Sancto concilio, redi. 
Lucem redde tuae, dux bone, patriae ; 
Instar veris enim vultus ubi tuus 
Affulsit, populo gratior it dies, 

Et soles melius nitent. 
Ut mater juvenem, quern Notus invido 
Flatu Carpathii trans maris aequora 
Cunctantem spatio longius annuo 

Dulci distinet a domo, 
Votis omnibusque et precibus vocat, 
Curvo nee faciem littore dimovet ; 
Sic desideriis icta fidelibus 

Quaerit patria Caesarem. 
Tutus bos etenim rura perambulat ; 
Nutrit rura Ceres, almaque Faustitas ; 
Pacatum volitant per mare navitae ; 

Culpari metuit Fides. 
Quis Parthum paveat ? Quis gelidum Seythen ? 
Quis, Germania quos horrida parturit 
Foetus, incolumi Caesare ? Quis ferae 

Bellum curet Iberiae ? 
Condit quisque diem collibus in suis, 
Et vitem viduas ducit ad arbores ; 
Hinc ad vina redit laetus, et alteris 

Te menses adhibet Deum. 

E 



74 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

Te multa prece, te prosequitur mero 
Defuso pateris, et Laribus tuurn 
Miscet nuraen, uti Grsecia Castoris, 

Et magni memor Herculis. 
Longas O utinam, dux bone, ferias 
Praestes Hesperiae, dicimus integro 
Sicci mane die, dicimus uvidi, 

Cum sol Oceano subest. 

16. Altera jam teritur bellis civilibus aetas, 

Suis et ipsa Roma viribus ruit : 
Quam neque finitimi valuerunt perdere Marsi, 

Minacis aut Etrusca Porsenae manus, 
iEmula nee virtus Capuae, nee Spartacus acer, 

Novisque rebus infidelis Allobrox ; 
Nee fera cagrulea domuit Germania pube, 

Parentibusque abominatus Annibal, 
Impia perdemus devoti sanguinis aetas, 

Ferisque rursus occupabitur solum. 
Barbarus, heu ! cineres insistet victor, et urbem 

Eques sonante verberabit ungula ; 
Quaaque carent ventis et solibus, ossa Quirini 

(Nefas videre) dissipabit insolens. 
Forte quid expediat, communiter, aut melior pars, 

Malis carere quaeritis laboribus ? 
Nulla sit hac potior sententia ; Phocaeorum 

Velut profugit exsecrata civitas, 
Agros atque Lares patrios habitandaque fana 

Apris reliquit et rapacibus lupis ; 
Ire pedes quocunque ferent, quocunque per undas 

Notus vocabit, aut protervus Africus. 

17. Qui fit, Maecenas, ut nemo, quam sibi sortem 
Seu ratio dederit, seu fors objecerit, ilia 
Contentus vivat : laudet diversa sequentes ? 
O fortunati mercatores ! gravis annis 
Miles ait, multo jam fractus membra labore. 
Contra mercator, navem jactantibus Austris, 
Militia est potior ; quidenim? Concurritur, horse 
Momento cita mors venit, aut victoria lasta. 
Agricolam laudat juris legumque peritus, 
Sub galli cantum consultor ubi ostia pulsat. 
Ille, datis vadibus, qui rure extractus in urbem est, 
Solos felices viventes clamat in urbe. 
Caetera de genere hoc (adeo sunt multa) loquacem 
Delassare valent Fabium. 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 75 

18. Egressum magna me excepit Aricia Roma 
Hospitio modico. Rhetor comes Heliodorus, 
Graecorum linguae doctissimus : inde Forum Appi 
DifFertum nautis, cauponibus atque malignis. 
Hoc iter ignavi divisimus, altius ac nos 
Prsecinctis unum. Minus est gravis Appia tardis. 
Hie ego propter aquam, quod erat teterrima, ventri 
Indico bellum, ccenantes haud animo aequo 
Exspectans comites. Jam nox inducere terris 
Umbras, et ccelo diffundere signa parabat ; 

Turn pueri nautis, pueris convicia nautae 
Ingerere. Hue appelle. Trecentos inseris, ohe, 
Jam satis est. Dum aes exigitur, dum mula ligatur, 
Tota abit hora. Mali culices, ranaeque palustres 
Avertunt somnos. 

Tandem fessus dormire viator 
Incipit, ac missae pastum retinacula mulae 
Nauta piger saxo religat, stertitque supinus. 
Jamque dies aderat, cum nil procedere lintrem 
Sentimus : donee cerebrosus prosilit unus, 
Ac mulae nautaeque caput lumbosque saligno 
Fuste dolat, quarta vix demum exponimur hora. 

19. Nunc ad me redeo, libertino patre natum, 
Quern rodunt omnes libertino patre natum ; 
Nunc, quia, Maecenas, tibi sum convictor, at olim 
Quod mihi pareret legio Romana tribuno. 
Dissimile hoc illi est, quia non, ut forsit honorem 
Jure mihi invideat quivis, ita te quoque amicum. 
Praesertim cautum dignos assumere, prava 
Ambitione procul. Felicem dicere non hoc 

Me possum casu, quod te sortitus amicum : 
Nulla etenim mihi te fors obtulit, optimus olim 
Virgilius, post hunc Varius, dixere quid essem. 
Ut veni coram, singultim pauca locutus, 
(Infans namque pudor prohibebat plura profari). 
Non ego me claro natum patre, non ego circum 
Me Satureiano vectari rura caballo, 
Sed, quod eram, narro. Respondes, ut tuus est mos, 
Pauca. Abeo, et revocas nono post mense, jubesque 
Esse in amicorum numero. Magnum hoc ego duco, 
Quod placui tibi, qui turpi secernis honestum, 
Non patre praeclaro, sed vita et pectore puro. 

20. Ibam forte via sacra, sicut meus est mos, 
Nescio quid meditans nugarum, et totus in illis ; 



6 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

Accurrit quidam notus mihi nomine tantum, 
Arreptaque manu, Quid agis, dulcissime, rerum ? 
Suaviter, ut nunc est, inquam, et cupio omnia quae vis. 
Cum assectaretur, Numquid vis ? occupo. At ille, 
Noris nos, inquit ; docti suraus. 

Ut illi 
Nil respondebam, Misere cupis, inquit, abire, 
Jamdudum video, sed nil agis. Usque tenebo, 
Persequar. Hinc quo nunc iter est tibi ? Nil opus est te 
Circumagi ; quendam volo visere, non tibi notum ; 
Trans Tiberim longe cubat is, prope Caesaris hortos. 
Nil habeo quod agam, et non sum piger. Usque sequar te. 
Demitto auriculas, ut iniquae mentis asellus, 
Cum gravius dorso subiit onus. 

21. Sunt quibus in Satira videor nimis acer, et ultra 
Legem tendere opus ; sine nervis altera, quicquid 
Composui, pars esse putat, similesque meorum 
Mille die versus deduci posse. Trebati, 

Quid faciam, praescribe. Quiescas. Ne faciam, inquis, 
Omnino versus ? Aio. Peream male, si non 
Optimum erat : verum nequeo dormire. Ter uncti 
Transnanto Tiberim, somno quibus est opus alto, 
Irriguumque mero sub noctem corpus habento. 
Aut, si tantus amor scribendi te rapit, aude 
Caesaris invicti res dicere, multa laborum 
Praemia laturus. Cupidum, pater optime, vires 
Deficiunt: neque enim quivis horrentia pilis 
Agmina, nee fracta pereuntes cuspide Gallos, 
Aut labentis equo describat vulnera Parthi. 
Attamen et justum poteras et scribere fortem, 
Scipiadam ut sapiens Lucilius. Haud mihi deero, 
Cum res ipsa feret ; nisi dextro tempore, Flacci 
Verba per attentam non ibunt Caesaris aurem ; 
Cui male si palpere, recalcitrat undique tutus. 
Quanto rectius hoc, quam tristi laedere versu 
Pantolabum scurram, Nomentanumque nepotem ! 
Cum sibi quisque timet, quanquam est intactus, et odit. 

22. Non in caro nidore voluptas 
Summa, sed in teipso est. Tu pulmentaria quaere 
Sudando. 

23. Pauper Opimius argenti positi intus et auri, 
Quondam lethargo grandi est oppressus, ut haeres 
Jam circum loculos et claves lsetus ovansque 
Curreret. Hunc medicus multum celer atque fidelis 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 77 

Excitat hoc pacto ; mensam poni jubet, atque 

EfFundi saccos nummorum, accedere plures 

Ad numerandum : hominem sic erigit. Addit et illud : 

Ni tua custodis, avidus jam haec auferet haeres. 

Men' vivo ? Ut vivas igitur, vigila : hoc age. Quid vis ? 

Deficient inopem venae te, ni cibus atque 

Ingens accedat stomacho fultura ruenti. 

Tu cessas ? Agedum, sume hoc ptisanarium oryzse. 

Quantiemptae? Parvo. Quantiergo? Octussibus. Eheu! 

24. Protinus ut moneam (si quid monitoris eges tu) 
Quid de quoque viro, et cui dicas, saepe videto : 
Percontatorem fugito, nam garrulus idem est ; 
Nee retinent patulse commissa fideliter aures ; 
Et semel emissum volat irrevocabile verbum. 
Qualem commendes, etiam atque etiam aspice, ne mox 
Incutiant aliena tibi peccata pudorem. 

Address of Venus to her husband, Vulcan, in which she asks a 
suit of armour for Mneas. 

25. Nox ruit, et fuscis tellurem amplectitur alis : 

At Venus haud animo nequicquam exterrita mater, 
Laurentumque minis et duro mota tumultu, 
Vulcan um alloquitur, thalamoque haec conjugis aureo 
Incipit, et dictis divinum aspirat amorem : 
Dum bello Argolici vastabant Pergama reges 
Debita, casurasque inimicis ignibus arces ; 
Non ullum auxilium miseris, non arma rogavi 
Artis opisque tuae ; nee te, charissime conjux, 
Incassumve tuos volui exercere labores ; 
Quamvis et Priami deberem plurima natis, 
Et durum iEneae flevissem saepe laborem. 
Nunc, Jovis imperiis, Rutulorum constitit oris : 
Ergo eadem supplex venio, et sanctum mihi numen 
Arma rogo, genitrix nato. Te filia Nerei, 
Te potuit lacrymis Tithonia flectere conjux. 
Aspice qui coeant populi, quae mcenia clausis 
Ferrum acuant portis, in me excidiumque meorum. 

26. Nunc age, Dardaniam prolem quae deinde sequatur 
Gloria, qui maneant Itala de gente nepotes, 
Illustres animas, nostrumque in nomen ituras, 
Expediam dictis, et te tua fata docebo. 

27. Cum Publius Rutilius Rufus amici cujusdam injustae roga- 
tioni resisteret, atque is per summam indignationem dixisset, 
" Quid ergo mihi opus est amicitia tua, si, quod te rogo, noD 

e 3 



78 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

facis?" " Imo," respondit Rutilius, "quid mihi tua, si propter 
te aliquid injuste facere me oporteat." 

28. Pyrrhus, Epiri rex, orbis imperium spe complexus, 
Apollinem de bello adversus Romanos consuluit. Ule ambigue 
respondit : Aio te, iEacida, Romanos vincere posse. Quo dicto 
incitatus, bellum Romanis intulit. Lsevinum Consulem, magna 
utrinque clade accepta, elephantorum auxilio, vicit. Amicis 
gratulantibus, sic respondit : Nae ego, si iterum sic vicero, sine 
milite revertar in Epirum. Romanos omnes in hostem versos 
honestis vulneribus oppetiisse cernens, exclamavit : O quam pro- 
clive mihi erat orbis imperio potiri, Romanos babenti milites ! 
Tandem a Fabricio superatus, Tarentum refugit. Turn in Gree- 
ciam regressus, dum Argos oppugnat, ictu tegulae prostratus 
est. 

29. Vix ea fatus erat, cum circumfusa repente 
Scindit se nubes, et in aethera purgat apertum. 
Restitit iEneas, claraque in luce refulsit, 

Os, humerosque Deo similis ; namque ipsa decoram 
Caesariem nato genitrix, lumenque juventae 
Purpureum, et lsetos oculis afflarat honores. 

30. Haec ubi Romae comperta, senatus Catilinam et Manlium 
hostes judicat, ceterae multitudini diem statuit, antequam sine 
fraude liceret ab armis discedere, prseter rerum capitalium con- 
demnatis. 

31. Legati in Africam maturantes veniunt, eo magis, quod 
Romae, dum proficisci parant, de prcelio facto, et oppugnatione 
Cirtae audiebatur. 

32. Post, ubi silentium ccepit, producto Jugurtha, verba facit, 
Romae Numidieeque facinora ejus memorat, scelera in patrem 
fratresque ostendit. 

33. Extemplo tentanda fuga canit aequora Calchas, 
Nee posse Argolicis exscindi Pergama telis, 
Omina ni repetant Argis, numenque reducant, 
Quod pelago, et curvis secum advexere carinis. 

34. Tunc sic Mercurium alloquitur, ac talia mandat ; 
Vade, age, nate, voca Zephyros, et labere pennis, 
Dardaniumque ducem, Tyria Carthagine qui nunc 
Exspectat, fatisque datas non respicit urbes, 
Alloquere, et celeres defer mea dicta per auras. 

35. Devictis Sabinis, quum in magna gloria magnisque opibus 
regnum Tulli ac tota res Romana esset, nunciatum regi Patri- 
busque est in monte Albano lapides cecidisse. Quod quum credi 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 79 

vix posset, missis ad id visendum prodigium, in conspectu, haud 
aliter quarn quum grandinera venti glomeratam in terras agunt, 
crebri cecidere ccelo lapides. Visi etiam audire vocem ingentera 
ex surnmi cacuminis luco, ut patrio ritu sacra Albani facerent, 
quae, velut diis quoque simul cum patria relictis, oblivioni de- 
derant, et aut Romana sacra susceperant, aut, fortunae, ut fit, 
obirati, cultum reliquerant deum. Romanis quoque ab eodem 
prodigio novendiale sacrum publice susceptum est, seu voce 
ccelesti ex Albano monte missa, (nam id quoque traditur,) seu 
aruspicum monitu. Mansit certe sollenne, ut, quandoque idem 
prodigium nunciaretur, feriae per novem dies agerentur. Haud 
ita multo post pestilentia laboratum est ; unde quum pigritia 
militandi oriretur, nulla tamen ab armis quies dabatur ab belli- 
coso rege, salubriora etiam credente militiae, quam donor, juvenum 
corpora esse, donee ipse quoque longinquo morbo est implicitus. 
Tunc adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi feroces, ut, 
qui nihil ante ratus esset minus regium, quam sacris dedere 
animum, repente omnibus magnis parvisque superstitionibus 
obnoxius degeret, religionibusque etiam populum impleret. 

36. Inclyta justitia religioque ea tempestate Numae Pompilii 
erat. Curibus Sabinis habitabat, consultissimus vir, ut in ilia 
quisquam aetate esse poterat, omnrs divini atque humani juris. 

37. Quamvis digressu veteris confusus amici, 
Laudo tamen vacuis quod sedem figere Cumis 
Destinet atque unum civem donare Sibyllas. 

38. In vallera iEgeriae descendimus, et speluncas 
Dissimiles veris. 

39. Quid Romae faciam ? Mentiri nescio : librum, 
Si malus est, nequeo laudare, et poscere ; motus 
Astrorum ignoro, funus promittere patris 

Nee volo nee possum, ranarum viscera nunquam 
Tnspexi. 

40. Tanti tibi non sit opaci 
Omnis arena Tagi, quodque in mare volvitur aurum, 
Ut somno careas, ponendaque praemia sumas 
Tristis, et a magno semper timearis amico. 

41. Da testem Romae tarn sanctum, quam fuit hospes 
Numinis Idaei, procedat vel Numa, vel qui 
Servavit trepidam flagranti ex asde Minervam : 
Protinus ad censum, de moribus ultima fiet 
Quaestio, quot pascit servos, quot possidet agri 
Jugera ? quam multa, magnaque paropside ccenat ? 

e 4 



80 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION, 

Quantum quisque sua nummorum servat in area, 
Tantum habet et fidei. 

42. Agmine facto, 
Debuerant olim tenues migrasse Quirites. 
Haud facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat 
Res angusta domi ; sed Romas durior illis 
Conatus ; magno hospitium miserabile, magno 
Servorum ventres, et frugi ccenula magno. 

43. Da spatium vitas, multos da, Jupiter, annos, 
Hoc recto vultu, solum hoc et pallidus optas. 
Sed quam continuis et quantis longa senectus 

Plena malis ! deformem, et tetrum ante omnia vultum, 
Dissimilemque sui, deformem pro cute pellem, 
Pendentesque genas, et tales aspice rugas, 
Quales, umbriferos ubi pandit Tabraca saltus, 
In vetula scalpit jam mater simia bucca. 
Plurima sunt juvenum discrimina, pulchrior ille 
Hoc, atque ille alio ; multum hie robustior illo : 
Una senum facies, cum voce trementia membra, 
Et jam lasve caput, madidique infantia nasi. 
Frangendus misero gingiva panis inermi ; 
Usque adeo gravis uxori, gnatisque, sibique, 
Ut captatori moveat fastidia Cosso. 

44. Nil ergo optabunt homines? Si consilium vis, 
Permittes ipsis expendere numinibus quid 
Conveniat nobis, rebusque sit utile nostris. 
Nam pro jucundis aptissima quasque dabunt Di, 
Carior est illis homo, quam sibi, nos animorum 
Impulsu, et caeca magnaque cupidine ducti, 
Conjugium petimus, partumque uxoris ; at illis 
Notum, qui pueri, qualisque futura sit uxor. 
Orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano. 
Fortem posce animum, et mortis terrore carentem : 
Qui spatium vitas extremum inter munera ponat 
Naturae, qui ferre queat quoscunque labores : 
Nesciat irasci, cupiat nihil, et potiores 
Herculis aerumnas credat, saevosque labores, 

Et venere, et ccenis et plumis Sardanapali. 
Monstro quod ipse tibi possis dare ; semita certe 
Tranquillae per virtutem patet unica vitas. 
Nullum numen habes, si sit prudentia ; sed te 
Nos facimus, Fortuna, deam, cceloque locamus. 

45. Sed civitas, incredibile memoratu est, adepta libertate, 
quantum brevi creverit ; tanta cupido glorias incesserat. Jam 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 81 

primum juventus, simul laboris ac belli patiens erat, in castris 
per usum militiam discebat, magisque in decoris armis et mili- 
taribus equis quam in conviviis lubidinem habebant. Igitur 
domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur ; concordia maxima, 
minima avaritia erat; jus bonumque apud eos, non legibus magis 
quam natura valebat. 

46. Numidae paucis diebus jussa efficiunt : litterae Adherbalis 
in senatu recitatas, quarum sententia haec fuit : " Non mea culpa 
saepe ad vos oratum mitto, Patres, sed vis Jugurthae subigit, 
quern tanta lubido extinguendi me invasit, uti neque vos, neque 
deos immortales in animo habeat, sanguinem meum, quam 
omnia, malit." 

47. Diis equidem auspicibus reor, et Junone secunda, 
Hue cursum Iliacas vento tenuisse carinas. 

Quam tu urbem, soror, hanc cernes ! quae surgere regna 

Conjugio tali ! Teucrum comitantibus armis, 

Punica se quantis attollet gloria rebus ! 

Tu modo posce deos veniam, sacrisque litatis, 

Indulge hospitio, causasque innecte morandi : 

Dum pelago dessevit hyems, et aquosus Orion, 

Quassatseque rates, et non tractabile ccelum. 

48. Sed ea animi elatio, quae cernitur in periculis et laboribus, 
si justitia vacat pugnatque non pro salute communi, sed pro snis 
commodis, in vitio est. Non enim modo id virtutis non est, sed 
est potius immanitatis, omnem humanitatem repellentis. Itaque 
probe definitur a Stoicis fortitudo, cum earn virtutem esse dicunt 
propugnantem pro aequitate. Quocirca nemo, qui fortitudinis 
gloriam consecutus est insidiis et malitia laudem est adeptus. 
Nihil honestum esse potest, quod justitia vacat. 

49. Quis desiderio sit pudor, aut modus 
Tarn cari capitis ? Praecipe lugubres 
Cantus, Melpomene, cui liquidam pater 
Vocem cum cithara dedit. 

Ergo Quinctilium perpetuus sopor 
Urget ! Cui Pudor, et Justitiae soror 
Incorrupta Fides, nudaque Veritas, 
Quando ullum inveniet parem ? 

Multis ille bonis flebilis occidit, 
Nulli flebilior, quam tibi, Virgili. 
Tu frustra pius, heu ! non ita creditum 
Poscis Quinctilium deos. 

50. Otium divos rogat in patenti 
Prensus iEgaeo, simul atra nubes 

E 5 



82 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

Condidit lunam, neque certa fulgent 

Sidera nautis : 
Otium bello furiosa Thrace, 
Otium Medi pharetra decori, 
Grosphe, non gem mis neque purpura ve- 
nale nee auro. 
51. Quapropter consuetudo imitanda medicorum est, qui leviter 
segrotantes leniter curant, gravioribus autem morbis periculosas 
curationes et ancipites adhibere coguntur. Quare in tranquillo 
tempestatem adversam optare dementis est ; subvenire autem 
tempestati quavis ratione sapientis. 

52. Justum et tenacem propositi virum 
Non civium ardor prava jubentium, 
Non vultus instantis tyranni 

Mente quatit solida, neque Auster 
Dux inquieti turbidus Adriae, 
Nee fulminantis magna Jovis manus : 
Si fractus illabatur orbis, 
Impavidum ferient ruinae. 

53. Si ad impetrandum nihil causae haberem praeter miseran- 
dam fortunam, quod paullo ante rex, genere, fama atque copiis 
potens, nunc deformatus aerumnis, inops, alienas opes exspecto, 
tamen erat majestatis Romani populi prohibere injuriam, neque 
cujusquam regnum per scelus cresceret. Verum ego his finibus 
ejectus sum, quos majoribus meis populus Romanus dedit, unde 
pater et avus una vobiscum expulere Syphacem et Carthagini- 
enses. 

54. Nam vi quidem regere patriam aut parentes, quamquam 
et possis et delicta corrigas, tamen importunum est ; cum prae- 
sertim omnes rerum mutationes caedem, fugam aliaque hostilia 
portendant ; frustra autem niti, neque aliud fatigando, nisi odium, 
quaerere, extremae dementiae est. 

55. Causa fuit pater his, qui macro pauper agello 
Noluit in Flavi ludum me mittere, magni 
Quo pueri magnis e centurionibus orti, 
Ibant. 

Sed puerum est ausus Romam portare, docendum 
Artes, quas doceat quivis eques, atque senator 
Semet prognatos. 

Notes on the foregoing Sentences. 
1. Conscius animus— a. mind conscious of guilt, a guilty 
conscience. Sceleris is understood, or some such word, governed 
by conscius. See Rule 17. 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 83 

Ii. This is a mere repetition of omnes. It is usual to sum 
up all the individuals when situated in this way. The indivi- 
duals, quos jlagitium, quos egestas, quos conscius animus exagita- 
bat, may or may not be different characters, and the ii includes 
them all. 

A culpa vacuus. See Rule 20. The preposition is thus fre- 
quently expressed. 

Par similis. The former implies equality in acts of daring, the 
latter similarity in disposition. The two are not necessarily com- 
bined ; hence there is no redundancy. For the syntax of ceteris, 
see Rule 18. 

2. Ubi ea (for eae res) explorata sunt, quae voluit (explorari), 
in unum (locum) convocat omnes (eos) quibus (erat) maxima 
necessitudo et plurimum audaciae. 

Explorata sunt. It has been already remarked that the parti- 
ciple which combines with esse to form the passive verb agrees, 
as an adjective, with the subject of such verb in gender, number, 
and case. Explorata is the nominative plural, neuter gender, to 
agree with ea. 

Quce voluit. Quce is the accusative subject of explorarL See 
Rule 7. 

Quibus erat. See Rule 9, and Observations under it. 

Plurimum, audaciae = plurima audacia. Rule 16. 

3. Nobilium, governed by juventus, understood. 
Inceptis. See Observation 6, under Rule 3. 

Quibus in otio. The antecedent is ii, understood. The order 
is, " Ii quibus erat copia vivere in otio vel magnifice vel molliter 
malebant (habere) incerta pro certis, bellum quam pacem," 
— those who had the means of living in a time of peace, either 
in a splendid style or luxuriously, were better pleased to have 
uncertainty than certainty, war than peace. 

Quibus erat. See Rule 9, and Observations. 

Incerta. See Rule 15. 

Qui crederent. The antecedent is homines, understood, or some 
such word. "There were persons, at that time, who." 

Consilii. See Rule 17. 

Invisus ipsi — an enemy to him (Crassus). 

Voluisse — there were persons who believed that he (Crassus) 
was desirous that the power of any one should increase in 
opposition to his (Pompey's) ; trusting moreover (as he did) 
that if the conspiracy succeeded, he himself (se) would become a 
leader among them (the conspirators). 

Confisum, agreeing with Crassum. 

Principem. See Rule 13. 

Apud illos. There is no word immediately expressed to which 
e 6 



84 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

this pronoun refers ; it is, however, implied in the word con- 
juratio. This is a common usage in all languages. 

4. Qui dicerent. See note under qui crederent in the pre- 
ceding sentences. 

Oratione habita — the speech having been delivered, after he 
had delivered his speech. See Rule 14. 

Catilinam, the subject of circumtulisse. Rule 7. 

Inde. This stands immediately connected with aperuisse. 
" There were people who believed that then [inde) he opened, 
&c. when all had tasted after the imprecation." 

Atque eo — and they likewise said that he asserted that he did 
so for this reason, in order that they might be more faithful one 
to another, being conscious, each to the other, of such a deed. 

Dictitare, fecisse, aperuisse. The subject is Catilinam. 

Ficta hcec. Hcec, for has res; and multa, for multas res, the 
subject of ficta (esse). 

Ciceronis invidiam — the odium under which Cicero laboured. 

Pcenas dederant — had suffered punishment. 

5. His rebus comparatis. See Rule 14. 

Si designatus foret — if he could become consul elect. 

Facile se — that he would easily use Antony according to his 
will, make what use he liked of him. 

Usurum (esse) Antonio. See Observation 6, Rule 3. 

Illi tarnen — Cicero. 

Per Fulviam — by making many promises through the agency 
ofFulvia. See Rules 30 and 6. 

Ad hoc — moreover, in addition to this. 

Ne sentiret. Ne here is equivalent to ut non. " That he 
should not feel disposed against, side against, the commonwealth." 
Observe, rempublicam is compounded of the noun res, and the 
adjective publica, both being declined according to their own 
declension. 

Extrema omnia. See Rule 15. 

6. Ceteris. See Rule 14. 

Eques, senator. See Observation 10, under Rule 5. 

Constituere. See Observation 1, under Rule 1. 

Ea node. Governed by in, understood. 

Quantum per iculi. See Rule 16. 

Consuli impendeat. Observation 6, Rule 3. Im is a modifica- 
tion of in. 

Sollicitare — stirred up. Historians frequently use the infini- 
tive for the past indicative. 

Egestate, dolore. See Rule 6. 

Novarum rerum — new things, a revolution. Governed by 
cupidam. See Rule 17. 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 85 

7. Nos cepisse — that we have taken. Rule 7. 

Homini — that we may offer danger to any man, expose any 
man to danger. 

Qui miseri. Qui is the subject of sumus, and takes its number 
and person, not from an immediate antecedent, but from the 
possessive nostra in the preceding clause, our bodies being 
equivalent to the bodies of us. This is a usage of the English 
as well as the Latin language. Of this the following are examples : 
"In the general warfare of the age, the advantage was on their 
side, who were most commonly the assailants." — Gibbon. 

" In the same year was published my ' Inquiry,' which, in my 
own opinion, who ought not to judge on that subject, is, of all 
my writings, incomparably the best." — Hume. 

" That our bodies may be protected from harm (the bodies of 
us), who, wretched, needy, are destitute, through the harsh 
treatment and cruelty of usurers, most of us of our country 
(the privileges of citizenship), but all of our characters and 
fortunes." Patrice, fama, fortunis, are all, though differing in 
case, governed by expertes. See Rule 20. 

Licuit — nor was it lawful for any of us to take the benefit of 
the law, agreeably to the custom of our ancestors. The subject 
of this verb is the whole of the following clause. 

Uli lege. See Observation 6, under Rule 3. 

More. See Rule 6. 

Amisso patrimonii. See Rule 14. 

8. Cuidam— to one Publius Umbrenus. See Rule 24. 
Existimans. The order is, " Existimans eos oppressos aere 

alieno publice privatimque facile posse adduci ad tale consilium, 
quod gens Gallica bellicosa esset natura." 

Eos — that they being overwhelmed. The subject of posse. 
See Rule 7. 

JEre alieno — with debt; literally, "other men's brass." This 
is governed by oppressos. See Rule 14. 

Publice privatimque — publicly and privately, i. e. their state, 
and they themselves individually, were overwhelmed with debt. 

Ad tale consilium. The preposition is often repeated before 
the governed word, as here. See Rule 26. 

Natura — by nature. Rule 6. 

Quod in Gallia negotialus {erat) — because he had carried on 
business in Gaul. 

In eo — in it, the senate. 

Nihil auxilii — nothing of aid, no aid. 

Uti sui misereretur — that he would take pity on them. See 
Observation 6, Rule 3. 

Nihil tarn asperum — saying (understood) that nothing was so 



86 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

disagreeable, nor so difficult, but that they would most anxiously 
do it, provided, &c. 

Quod foro — because it (the house) was near the forum, and 
not unacquainted with the plot. In this latter clause the house, 
by a common figure of speech, is put for the inhabitants. Con- 
silii is governed by aliena on the principle laid down in Rule 17. 

Quo major auctoritas — in order that a greater weight would 
attach to his words. For the syntax of sermoni, see Observa- 
tion 6, under Rule 3. 

Eo prcesente — he (Gabinius) being present, in his presence. 
Rule 14. 

Eos pollicitos— then he dismisses them, having promised (after 
they had first promised) their assistance. 

9. Dicendi finem. See Rule 30. 

Ceteri verbo — the rest assented in support of different opinions 
(varie) one to one speaker, another to another {alius adsentiebatur 
alii). Ceteri verbo is opposed to Marcus Cato and oratio. 

Rogatus sententiam. See Rule 25. 

10. In sententiam discessit — voted according to the opinion of 
Cato. Discedere in sententiam alicujus means " to agree with 
any one's opinion," and is a phraseology adopted on account of 
the habit of senators going to the same side of the house who 
agreed in opinion. 

Optimum factum ratus — believing it (to be) the best deed (he 
could do) to anticipate the night which was coming on, i. e. to do 
what was to be done. 

Quod Tullianum. The more natural antecedent is locus, in 
which case the relative would be qui. When however the rela- 
tive is placed between two nouns agrees of different genders, it 
sometimes, as here with Tullianum, with the latter. 

Ad Icevam. Supply manum. 

Quibus prceceptum erat — those persons to whom such com- 
mand had been issued, &c. 

Moribus, factis. See Rule 21. 

11. Cum expeditis. Supply militibus, light-armed troops. 
Versari. The historical infinitive for versabatur. 
Laborantibus succurrere — brought succours to those in distress. 

See Observation 6, Rule 3. 

Omnia providere — took all possible precautions. 
Memor generis. See Rule 17. 

12. Manifest us — being clearly guilty of. 

Prius—quam. These particles are connected in translation : 
" Did not give up struggling against the truth until." 

Supra gratiam —beyond the influence of his money ; literally, 
" beyond his influence and his money." This is a species of 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 87 

Hendiadys ; a mode of expression usual, especially in the poets, 
whereby one thing is represented as two. 

Parendi sibi. See Rule 30, and Observation 6, Rule 3. 

Italia decedere. See Rule 26, which also explains the syntax 
of Roma in the next passage. 

Perituram. Supply esse. The future infinitive. 

13. Accepit. The object is ea, the antecedent of quoe % the 
object of agebat. 

Diffidere suis rebus. See Observation 6, Rule 3. 

Ipsi liberis vitam. See Rule 24. 

Experimentis. See Rule 6. 

Cognitum erat genus esse infidum — it had been already known 
to Metellus by experience that the nation (family) of the Numi- 
dians was treacherous, (a nation) of a fickle disposition, and fond 
of change. The subject of cognitum erat is the sentence. 

Genus, the accusative subject of esse. 

Ingenio mobili. See the foregoing translation, and Observation 
11, Rule 5. Genus is understood. 

Novarum rerum. Rule 17. 

Tentando. See Rules 6 and 30. 

Opportunos — fit for his purpose. 

Pollicendo. Rules 6 and 30. 

Jugurtham sibi traderent. Rule 24. 

Maxime vivum — alive especially ; that is, if possible. 

Nunciari. The subject is ea, the antecedent of quce. " He 
orders that such an answer should be openly given to the king as 
would be according to his (the king's) pleasure;" as would please 
him. 

14. Amat — loves, i. e. is wont. 

Ictu. See Rule 10, and Sentences 23, 24, 25, given by way 
of illustration under it. 

15. Dims orte. See Rule 27. 

Pollicitus, agreeing with tu, the subject of abes. 

Instar veris — your countenance like the spring. 

Ut mater — as a mother with vows, omens, and prayers calls 
for her youthful son, whom the south wind with adverse gales 
{invido flatu) detains from his sweet home, staying longer than a 
year (annuo spatio) beyond the waters of the Carpathian sea, 
nor turns her gaze from the curved shore ; in like manner his 
country, inspired with loyal wishes, seeks for Caesar. 

Rura perambulat. See Rule 26. 

Culpari metuit Fides —honour is afraid of being blamed, i. e. 
does nothing worthy of censure. 

Scythen, the accusative singular after a Greek declension. 
" The frozen Scythian." 



88 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

Incolumi Ccesare. See Rule 14. 

Condit diem — finishes his days in his own hills. This is stated 
as one of the effects of peace. 

Ft vitem viduas — and marries the vine to the widowed trees ; 
pursues the peaceful avocation of agriculture. 

Alteris mensis — and invites you as a deity to his second 
course. 

Defuso pateris. See Rule 26. 

Uti Grcecia. This is the subject of miscuit, understood. 

Castoris Herculis memor — mindful of, i. e. grateful to. See 
Rule 17, 

Ferias Hesperice. See Rule 24. 

Dicimus integro — we pray (say so) this, fresh and fasting (sicci, 
agreeing with nos, the subject of dicimus), the day being whole 
(the ablative absolute), no part being taken therefrom, i. e. early 
in the morning. 

16. Quam neque finitimi. The order is, "(Nos) impia aetas 
devoti sanguinis perdemus (Romam) quam neque," &c. — (We) 
an impious age of devoted blood will ruin that Rome which, &c. 

Novisque — and the Gauls faithless (which they show) by revo- 
lutions. Novis rebus is the expression of the manner. See 
Rule 6. 

Dissipabit — will insolently scatter the bones of Romulus, 
which want (are now free from the influence of) wind and sun. 

Carent ventis. See Rule 20. 

Forte quid expediat — perchance the whole of you, or the 
better part, are asking what may be expedient (in order) to 
avoid (carere) these destructive evils. 

Carere laboribus. See Rule 20. 

Nulla sit — no opinion can be preferable to (better than) this 
^opinion). See Rule 10, and Sentences 23, 24, 25. 

Velut profugit — in like manner as the state of the Phocaeans 
fled, having uttered execrations (against such as should return), 
and left their fields, the homes of their fathers, and temples, to be 
inhabited by boars and ravenous wolves. 

Habitanda apris — lupis. See Rule 19. 

17. Qui fit — how does it happen ? The sentence is the subject 
of this verb, and qui is the ablative expressive of the means. 
See Rule 6. 

Ut nemo, quam — that no one lives contented with that lot which 
either reason may have given him, or chance thrown in his way. 
Sortem is out of its own clause : this is a species of attraction 
common to the Greek language. The order should be, " Ut 
nemo vivat contentus ilia sorte, quam seu ratio dederit, seu fors 
objecerit sibi." 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 89 

Quam ratio dederit sibi. See Rule 24. 

Contentus ilia sorte. See Rule 21. 

Laudet diversa sequentes — that (every one) commends (men) 
following different (pursuits, negotid). See Rule 15. 

Gravis annis — borne down with years. Rule 6. 

Fractus membra — broken in (as to) his limbs. See Rule 29. 

Mercator, the subject of ait, understood. 

Navim, the old form of the accusative for navem. 

Jactantibus Austris, ablative absolute. Rule 14. 

Concurritur — men engage. This is a specimen of what is 
called a verb impersonal. All active verbs may assume this 
form, their subject being changed into the ablative governed by 
a or ab. See Rule 8, and Explanation 2 attached thereto. Of 
this the following examples will suffice : — 

ENGLISH. ACTIVE VERB. IMPERSONAL. 

Men engage, Homines concurrunt, Concurritur ab hominibus. 
We hear, Nos audimus, Auditur a nobis. 

They read, Illi legunt, Legitur ab illis. 

They have gone, Illi iverunt, Itum est ab illis. 

Note. — The impersonal verb is always in the third singular, 
and in that tense which the personal verb would be expressed in. 

Juris, legum peritus. See Rule 17. 

Sub galli cantum — at cockcrow. 

Rure extractus. See Rule 26. 

Datis vadibus — having given bail. Ablative absolute. 

18. Roma, governed by egressum. Rule 26. 

Hospitio modico — in an indifferent inn. 

Heliodorus, the subject offuit, understood. 

Rhetor. See Observation 10, Rule 5. 

Linguae doctissimus. See Rule 17. 

Forum Appi. Appii Forum, the name of a place. Appi is 
contracted or syncopated for Appii. This is the subject of ex~ 
cepit, understood. 

Differtum nautis. See Rule 20. 

Hoc iter — we, being lazy, made two of this journey, (which is 
but one) for persons better prepared (girded higher) than we. 

Minus est — the Appian Way is less troublesome to bad tra- 
vellers. 

Quod erat — because it was. 

Ventri indico bellum — proclaim war on my stomach, i. e. deny 
it the luxury of water. See Rule 24. 

Exspectans — awaiting with impatience (haud cequo animo) my 
companions (whilst) supping. 

Diffundere signa — to display the stars. 



90 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

Ingerere, the infinitive for the imperfect tense. 
Missce pastum, — let loose to feed. Rule 28. 

19. Patre libertino. See Rule 27. 

Mihi pareret tribuno. Observation 6, Rule 3, and Observa- 
tion 10, Rule 5. 

Hoc illi—th\a (last-named reason) is unlike the former. Hie 
and Me refer, the former to the nearer, the latter to that more 
remote. 

Cantum, agreeing with te. Dignos, equivalent to tantum 
dignos, " but those that are worthy." 

Priva ambitione procul — depraved ambition being far removed 
from you; that is, you have no sinister motives in patronizing 
those whom you admit to your friendship. 

Hoc quod te sortitus — I cannot pronounce myself happy on this 
account, because I obtained you as a friend by chance. Under- 
stand sum with sortitus. 

Singultim — in a broken, interrupted manner. 

20. Nescio quid— thinking on I know not what trifle. 
Quid nugarum. See Rule 16. 

Arreptaque manu — and having seized my hand, (he says, inquit) 
What thing are you doing (How do you do), my dearest friend ? 

Quid rerum. See Rule 16. 

Arrepta manu, ablative absolute. 

Suaviter ut— pretty well as matters are now, and I wish you 
may have what you desire, i. e. I wish you the same : cupio 
/ut habeas omnia quae vis habere. 

Numquid vis ? occvpo — I am beforehand in asking, Do you want 
any thing 1 But he replies, That you may know me, we are 
learned, i. e. I am a man of letters. The busybody speaks of 
himself in the first person plural, as being, in his own estimation* 
of some importance. 

Nil agis — you do nothing, i. e. 'tis no use for you. 

Iter est tibi ? — whither are you going hence ? See Rule 9, and 
Sentences 19, 20, 21, 22, illustrative thereof. 

Cum gravius — when a heavier load than usual comes on (is 
put on) his back. 

21. Ultra legem — beyond the law which obtains in such mat- 
ters. 

Similes meorum. Adjectives of likeness sometimes are found 
with a genitive. See Rule 18. Grammarians make this dis- 
tinction : the dative expresses the external appearance ; the 
genitive the disposition and character in which the similarity 
exists. 

Deduci — spun out ; opposed to the art of good composition. 

Trebati. See Note 2, under Declension 2. 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 91 

Quiescas — you must be quiet : the answer of Trebatius. The 
following is a dialogue between him and Horace. 

Ne faciam = ut non faciam — do you say that I am not to com- 
pose verses at all ? 

Tiberim. See Rule 26. 

Somno quibus. Rule 9, and Sentences 19, 20, 21, 22. 

Sub noctem properly signifies " at the approach of night :" sub, 
signifying " approach to," governs an accusative. Here the ex- 
pression is equivalent to our " over night." 

Amor scribendi. Rule 30. 

Laturus — about to receive, i. e. sure to receive ; agreeing with 
tu, the subject of aude. 

Cupidum, agreeing with me, the object of deficiunt. 

Gallos pereuntes — the Gauls perishing with the spear broken 
in them. 

Labentis equo — falling from his horse. 

Attamen et justum — nevertheless you may describe him just 
and brave, as the wise Lucilius (described) Scipio. 

Res ipsa feret — an occasion itself, a real opportunity will offer 
itself. 

Flacci, one of the names of Horace. 

Cui male si, a metaphor taken from the stable. 

22. Sudando. See Rules 6 and 30. 

23. Pauper argenti. Rule 20. 

Multum celer — a man of much energy of character. 

Men* vivo ? Mene vivo ? — is it whilst I am alive ? Ne, an 
interrogative particle ; " whether I being alive," the ablative 
absolute. 

Vigila — be on your guard. 

Aceedat stomacho. Observation 6, Rule 3. 

Quanti, parvo, octussibus. Consult Rule 31. 

24. Si quid monitoris — if you want an adviser in any respect. 
Quid is the accusative neuter, governed by secundum or quoad. 
See Rule 29. For the syntax of monitoris, consult Rule 20. 

Quid scepe — often consider what you say, of what man you 
say it, and to whom. 

Incutiant pudorem tibi. Consult Rule 24. 

25. Haud nequicquam — with good reason. 

Dum bello — whilst the Grecian kings were devastating in war 
Pergamus (Troy), due (to them by fate). 

Ergo eadem — therefore I, the same, (now) come a suppliant, 
and ask you, a divinity sacred to me (in my eyes), for arms. 

Rogo te arma. Consult Rule 25. 

Genitrix nato. " Ego genitrix rogo te arma nato." 

26. Quce gloria. Gloria is out of its proper clause ; it should 



92 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

be gloriam, the object of expediam : this is a species of attraction 
already explained. The order is, " Nunc age, expediam dictis 
gloriam quae deinde sequatur Dardaniam prolem, nepotes qui 
maneant (nos) de Itala gente, illustres animas, que (animas) 
ituras in nostrum nomen." 

Te tua fata docebo. Rule 25. 

27. Mihi opus est amicitia. Rules 5, Observation 12, and 9, 
Sentences 19, 20, 21, 22. 

Quod te rogo. The antecedent is id, the object offacis. For 
the syntax of quod and te, consult Rule 25. 

Oporteat. The subject is the whole clause in which it stands. 

28. Bellum Romanis intulit. Rule 24. 
Amicis gratulantibus, ablative absolute. 
Honestis vulneribus — with wounds in their breast. 
Imperio potiri. Observation 6, Rule 3. 

Mihi erat habenti. The latter agrees with mihi, " for me 
having," i. e. if I had. 

Tarentum, in Grceciam. Consult Rule 34. 

29. Mthera. The accusative of cether, after a Greek declen- 
sion. 

Os, humeros Deo similis. Rules 18 and 29. 
Ipsa genitrix — his mother herself, Venus. 
Affldrat, for afflaverat. 

30. Romce. Rule 32. 
Comperta, supply sunt. 

Sine fraude — with impunity, i. e. with the assurance of safety. 

Condemn atis. The syntax of this is the same as that of 
multitudini, governed with diem by statuit. " They appoint a 
day for the rest of the multitude, except," i. e. it does not so 
appoint a day for those convicted of capital offences. 

Rerum capitalium. See Rule 23. 

31. In Africam. Rule 34. 

32. Romce, Numidice. Rule 32. 

33. Tentanda, supply esse — that the seas are to be (must be) 
attempted in flight. 

Argis. Consult Rule 33. 

34. Carthagine. Rule 33. 

Defer. Imperative, second singular of fero. Three other verbs 
omit the e in the same part : these are, facio, dico, duco. 

35. Nunciatum est. The subject is lapides cecidisse. 

Visi, supply sunt — they appeared to hear a voice (directing 
them). 

Quae oblivioni. See Rule 24. 

Fortunce, governed by irati— incensed at fortune, as it usually 
happens in such cases {ut fit). See Observation 6, Rule 3. 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 93 

Hand ita multo post — not very long after. 

Laboratum est {a Romanis) — the Romans were attacked. They 
laboured, literally : the verb impersonal, equivalent to Romani 
laboraverunt. See Note and illustrations on this form of the 
verb under Sentence 17 of the foregoing. 

Pigritia militandi — a disinclination to military service. Rule 
30. 

Militice quam domi— in war than in peace. See Note under 
Rule 32. 

Obnoxius degeret — became a slave to. 

36. Curibus — at Cures. See Rule 33. 
Consultissimus juris. See Rule 17. 

37. Cumis — Cumae, the residence of the celebrated Sibyl. 
See Rule 33. 

38. Dissimiles veris, supply speluncis, and see Rule 18. 
Fern — the natural caves. 

39. Romce. See Rule 32. 

40. Tanti. See Rule 31. "Let not all the sand of the 
Tagus be of so much value in your estimation that (for it) you 
should want sleep, and accept rewards to be (which ought to be) 
rejected, and be always the object of suspicion by a friend in 
power." 

Somno careas. Rule 20. 

A magno timearis amico. Note 2, under Rule 8, and Sentences 
13, 14, &c. illustrative thereof. 

41. Romce. Rule 32. 

Numinis — the host of the Idasan deity. This was Scipio 
Nasica, adjudged to be one of the best of men. He was deemed 
the most worthy to receive the image of the Goddess Cybele into 
his house, till a temple should be built for it. She was called 
Idcea, from Ida, a hill in Phrygia, whence her worship was 
introduced to Rome. 

Numa — the first king who civilized the Romans, remarkable 
for his uprightness. 

Vel qui — Lucius Metellus, who preserved the Palladium, the 
image of Minerva, when it stood, as it were, trembling for its 
safety, the temple in which it was being on fire. 

Protinus ad censum — the first inquiry will be as to his in- 
come. 

Quantum nummorum, tantum fidei. Rule 16. 

42. Agmine facto, ablative absolute. 
Migrasse, syncopated for migravisse. 

Quorum virtutibus obstat domi. For the syntax of quorum, see 
Note under Rule 12, and Rule 5 ; for virtutibus, Observation 6, 
Rule 3 ; and for domi, Note under Rule 32. 



94 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

Romce conatus. The latter is the subject of est, understood. 
For the syntax of Romce, see Rule 32. 

Hospitium, ccenula, ventres, the subjects respectively of 
constat and constant, understood. 

Magno, the ablative governed bv the preceding verbs. Rule 
31. 

43. Plena malis. See Rule 20. 

Pulchrior ille hoc — this one is fairer than that. Hoc ; for the 
syntax, see Rule 10, and Examples 23, 24, and 25, illustrative 
thereof. 

Frangendus misero — and bread must be broken by the poor 
wretch with a toothless gum. 

Misero frangendus. See Rule 19. 

Captaiori Cosso. See Observations 9 and 10, Rule 5. 

44. Nil ergo — the language of an objector. 
Conveniat nobis. Observation 6, Rule 3. 

Di, syncopated for Divi, the nominative plural of Divus. 

Impulsu, cupidine. Rule 6. 

Notum, supply est. The subject is the following. 

Qui pueri — what sort the children will turn out (futuri 
sint). 

Orandum est. The subject is the following clause. 

Ut sit — that we may have. Supply nobis, and consult Rule 9, 
and Observations 19, 20, &c. explanatory thereof. 

Terrore carentem. Rule 20. 

Qui ponat — which can reckon. 

Poiiore venere, ccenis, plumis. Consult Rule 10, and Sen- 
tences 23, 24, 25, illustrative thereof. 

Si sit prudentia, supply nobis. See Note under ut sit, above. 

45. Incredibile memoratu. See Rule 28. 
Adepta libertate, ablative absolute. 

Laboris patiens — able to endure labour. With an accusative 
this adjective signifies actually enduring. 
Lubidinem habebani — took pleasure. 
Domi, militice. Note under Rule 32. 
Legibus, natura. Rule 6. 

46. Recitatce, supply sunt — a letter was read. In the 
plural number literce, or litterce, as here, signifies " an epistle ;" 
in the singular litera signifies " a letter of the alphabet." 

Mea culpa, the ablative of the cause. Rule 6. " Not 
through my fault I send." " It is not through my fault that I 
send " is more agreeable to the usage of the English language. 

Oratum. See Rule 28. 

Lubido extinguendi. See Rule 30. 

In animo habeat— regards. 



LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 



95 



Malit. Supply uti from the preceding clause, and habere to 
govern sanguinem and omnia, and, in reference to the latter, con- 
sult Rule 15. 

47. Diis auspicious — under the auspices of the gods ; literally, 
"by the gods as the authors." 

Diis, for Divis, and Junone are the ablatives of the cause, and 
vento of the instrument, governed by tenuisse. Consult Rule 6. 

Quam tu urbem — what a city will you see this ! 

Teucrum, syncopated for Teucrorum. 

Posce deos veniam. Consult Rule 25. 

Causas morandi. Rule 30. 

Orion, ccelum, rates, the subjects respectively of est and 
sunt, understood. 

48. Justitia vacat. See Rule 20. 

In vitio est — is at fault, i. e. is a crime. 

Non enim modo — for not only does it not belong to virtue. 

Virtutis, immanitatis. Consult Rule 22. 

49. Quis desiderio — what feeling of shame should there be, or 
moderation, for the regret of so dear a person, i. e. in regretting. 

Capitis — the head. By synecdoche for the individual. 
Cui parem. Consult Rule 18. 
Bonis jlebilis. Rule 19. 
Nulli flebilior quam tibi. Rule 19. 
Frustra pius — affectionate to no purpose. 

Non ita creditum — not entrusted to you on such conditions, 
f* e. to live for ever. 

Poscis Quinctilium deos. Rule 25. 

50. Otium divos rogat. Rule 25. 

Prensus — a person caught in the wide iEgean sea. Supply mari. 
Gemmis, purpura, auro venale. Consult Rule 31. 

51. Dementis est — is the part of a madman. Rule 22. 
Subvenire tempestati. Observation 6, Rule 3. 
Sapientis, supply est, and see Rule 22. 

52. Tenacem propositi — firm in the execution of his purpose. 
See Rule 19. 

53. Ad impetrandum — to obtain my request. 
Nihil causce — nothing of a cause, no cause. 

Erat majestatis, in the sense of esset. See Rule 22. "It 
would belong to the majesty." 

His finibus ejectus sum. See Rule 26. 
Quos majoribus dedit. Rule 24. 

54. Parentes — subjects, persons obeying. 
Extremce dementice est. Rule 22. 

55. Causa his — the cause of these things. See Observation 9, 
Rule 5. 



96 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 

Flavi, syncopated for Flavii. 

Portare Romam. Consult Rule 34. 

Docendum artes — to be taught those accomplishments. Do- 
cendum agrees with me puerum, the object of portare. For the 
syntax of artes, consult Rule 25. 

Quas eques quivis doceat prognatos semet — which any knight 
might teach (those) sprung from himself, his children. For the 
syntax of quas, prognatos, consult Rule 25, and Note under Rule 
12 ; and for semet, Rule 27. 



DICTIONARY OF THE WORDS 



FOREGOING SENTENCES. 



A, aD, prep.,/rowi, oy. 

abduco, xi, ctum, 3, I lead away. 

abeo, ivi, itum, irr., I go away, I 

depart. 
abominor, abominatus, abomi- 

nari, dep., I detest. 
absum, abfui, abesse, irr., I am 

absent, I am distant. 

ac, conj., and. 

accedo, essi, essum, 3, I go to, 
accede, acquiesce. 

accendo, di, sum. 3, I set on fire, 
burn, excite. 

accipio, epi, eptum, 3, I receive, 
take, accept. 

accitus, us, 4, m., a call, invita- 
tion. 

accurro, ri, rsum, 3, I run to, 
hasten. 

accuso, avi, atum, 1, I accuse, 
blame. 

acer, ris, e, sharp, sour, swift, 
active, fierce. 

acervus, i, 2, m., a heap. 

acies, ei, 5, f., an edge or point, an 
army in battle array. 

actio, onis, 3, f., an action, a suit 
or process at law. 

actus, a, um, part, of ago, done, 
performed. 

acuo, ui, 3, I sharpen, excite, pro- 
voke. 

ad, prep., to, towards. 



addo, didi, ditum, 3, / give to, 

add. 
adduco, xi, ctum, 3, / lead to, 

bring, induce. 
adeo, adv., so, therefore, very much. 
adeo, ivi and ii, itum, I go, come 

to, address. 
adeptus, part, of adipiscor, having 

obtained. 
adgredior, same as aggredior. 
Adherbal, alis, 3, m., Adherbal. 
adhibeo, ui, itum, 2, I apply, 

admit, send for. 
adhoc, adv., in addition to this, 

moreover. 
adipiscor, eptus sum, pisci, dep., 

J obtain, get. 
adjungo, nxi, nctum, 3, J add, 

join to. 
admiror, ratus sum, mirari, dep., 

I admire, wonder at. 
adopto, tavi, tatum, 1, I adopt. 
adpello, avi, atum, 1, 1 call, name, 

address. 
Adria, se, ], f., the Adriatic Sea. 
adsedeo, edi, sessum, 2, J sit by, 

close to. 
adsentior, iri, nsus, dep., I assent 

or agree to, comply. 
adsum, fui, esse, / am present. 
adveho, xi, ctum, 3, I bring to, 

convey. 
adverto, ti, sum, 3, 1 turn to, direct, 

apply. 
adversus, a, um, part, of adverto. 



98 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



ad versus, prep., opposite to, against. 
JEacidas, ae, 1, m., Achilles, the 

grandson of JEacus. 
aedes, is, 3, f., a house, building, 

temple. 
JEgsdus, a, um, of or belonging to 

the JEgean Sea. 
Mgeriau, ae, 1, f., the name of a 

goddess. 
aegroto, I, I am sick. 
aemulus, a, um, emulous, vying with. 
iEneas, ae, 1, m., JEneas. 
aequalis, e, equal. 
aequitas, tatis, 3, f., equity, justice. 
sequor, oris, 3, n., the sea, the 

smooth surface of any thing. 
aequus, a, um, equal, just, even. 
seratus, a, um, made of brass. 
senium a, ae, 1, f., trouble, sorrow, 

misery. 
aes, ris, 3, n., brass. 
aetas, atis, 3, f., age. 
aeternum, adv., for ever. 
aeternus, a, um, eternal, everlast- 
ing. 
aether, ris, 3, m., the sky, firma- 
ment, heaven. 
afflo, avi, atum, 1, I blow, breathe 

upon. 
affuigeo, si, sum, 2, / shine upon, 

favour. 
Africa, 83, 1, f., Africa. 
Africus, i, in., the south- wesi wind. 

agedum!} inter J-' C0 ^ on/ 

agellus, i, 2, m., a little field. 

ager, i. 2, m., afield, garden. 

aggredior, ssus sum v. fui, edi, 
dep., / come up to, accost, 
at tuck. 

agilis, e, nimble, active. 

agito, avi, atum, 1, I agitate, re- 
volve, consider. 

agmen, inis, 3, n., a body of men, 
an, army in line of march, a 
number of men, a herd. 

ago, egi, actum, 3, I do, act, 
transact. 

agricoia, ae, 1, m., a husbandman. 

ahenum, i, 2, n., a brass pot, cal- 
dron. 



aio, defect., I say. See Defective 

Verbs, 
ala, ae, I, f., a wing. 
Albanus, a, um, Alban. 
Albanus, i, 2, m., an Alban. 
alibi, adv., in another place, else- 
where. 
alienus, a, um, what belongs to 

another, strange, improper. 
aliquis, a, aliquid or aliquod, 
someone, somebody. 

aliquot, pi., indecl. adj., some, a 
few. 

aliter, adv., in another way, other- 
wise. 

alius, a, ud, another, different. 

Allobrox, ogis, 3, m. and f., an 
Allobrogian, an inhabitant of 
Savoy. 

alloquor, cutus sum, qui, dep., 
J address, speak to. 

almus, a, um, kind, bountiful. 

alte, adv., highly. 

alter, era, erum, another. 

altum, i, 2, n., the deep. . 

altus, a, um, high. 

alvus, i, 2, m. and f., the belly, the 
inside of a thing. 

amator, oris, 3, m., a lover. 

ambages, ambagibus (its only- 
cases), 3, f., a turning, wind- 
ing, circumlocution, a tedious 
story. 

ambigue, adv., in a doubtful man- 
ner. 

ambitio, onis, 3, f., ambition. 

ambo, ae, o, both. See Declension 
of Adjectives. 

amicitia, ae, 1, f., friendship. 

amicus, i, 2, m., a friend. 

amicus, a, um, friendly. 

amitto, isi, ssum, 3, I lose, I let 
go, omit. 

amo, avi, atum, 1, I love. 

amplector, xus sum, ti, dep., I 
embrace. 

amplexus, a, um, having embraced 
(part, of amplector). 

am plus, a, um, large, ample. 

anceps, cipitis, doubtful, dangerous, 
deceitful. 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



99 



anchora, se, 1, f., an anchor. 
angustus, a, um, narrow, small, 

poor. 
anima, se, 1, f., the soul, life, breath. 
animadverto, ti, sum, 3, I observe, 

perceive, punish 
animus, i, 2, m., the mind, spirit, 

courage, disposition. 
Annibal, alis, 3, m., Hannibal. 
annus, i, 2, m., the year. 
annuus, a, um, yearly, belonging 

to the year, happening once a 

year. 
ante, prep., before. 
antea, adv., before, formerly. 
antecapio, cepi, ceptum, 3, / take 

beforehand, anticipate. 
anterior, us, adj., comp, former, 

in front. 
Antonius, ii, 2, m., Anthony. 
antrum, i, 2, n., a cave. 
aperio, ui, rtum, 4, 1 open, disclose. 
apertus, a, um, part, of aperio, 

opened. 
Apollo, inis, 3, m., Apollo. 
appelle ! adv. of ejaculation, hither.' 

hue appelle ! come hither ! 
appello, avi, atum, 1, I call, name, 

call to, accuse. 
appello, puli, pulsum, 3, I drive, 

force, apply. 
Appius, ii, 2, m., Appius. 
Appius, a, um, of or belonging to 

Appius. 
apto, avi, atum, 1, I fit, make Jit, 

adapt. 
aptus, a, um, fit, adapted. 
apud, prep., close by, near to, with, 

among. 
aqua, se, 1, f., water. 
Aquarius, ii, 2, m., one of the signs 

of the zodiac. 
aquosus, a, um, watery, wet. 
arator, toris., 3, m., a ploughman. 
aratrum, i, 2, n., a plough. 
arbor, oris, 3, f., a tree. 
area, se, 1, f., a chest, coffer. 
Arcadius, a, um, of or belonging 

to an Arcadian. 
arcesso, sivi, situm, 3, I send for, 
call, invite. 



ardens, ntis, part, of ardeo, burn- 
ing. 
ardeo, rsi, rsum, 2, I burn, desire 

greatly, burn with rage. 
ardor, oris, 3, m., a burning, great 

desire. 
arena, se, 1, f., sand, an arena. 
argentum, i, n., silver. 
Argolicus, a, um, of or belonging 

to Argos, Grecian. 
Argos, eos, n. (declined like a 

Greek noun; but Argi, Argo- 

rum, pi. m.), Argos. 
Aricia, se, 1, f., the name of a city 

or town. 
arma, orum, pi., 2, n., arms, im- 
plements. 
armatus, a, um, part, of armo, 

armed. 
armo, avi, atum, 1, I arm. 
arripio, pui, ptum, 3, / snatch at, 

seize, take by force. 
ars, tis, 3, f., an art, trade; art, 

artifice, cunning. 
aruspex, icis, 3, m., a soothsayer. 
arx, rcis, 3, f , a citadel. 
ascendo, di, nsum, 3, I ascend. 
asellus, i, 2, m., a little ass. 
asina, se, 1, f., a she-ass. 
aspecto, avi, atum, 1, I look at, 

have a view of. 
asper, era, erum, rough, harsh, ill- 
natured. 
aspicio, exi, ectum, 3, I behold, 

see, perceive, regard. 
assector, tatus sum, tari, dep., 

I attend, wait upon, follow. 
assumo, mpsi, mptum, 3, 1 assume, 

take, admit. 
astrum, i, 2, n., a star. 
astutia, se, 1, f., craft, cunning. 
at, conj., but. 
ater, ra, rum, black, mournful, 

fatal. 
Atheniensis, e, belonging to an 

Athenian. 
Atheniensis, is, 3, m. or f., an 

Athenian. 
atque, conj., and. 
atrocitas, tatis, 3, f., atrocity, 

cruelty. 



F2 



100 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



atrox, ocis, adj., atrocious, cruel. 

attamen, conj., but, but yet, never- 
theless. 

attentus, a, um, attentive, careful. 

attollo, tuii, 3, I raise or lift up. 

auctor, oris, 3, m., an author, the 
doer of a thing, an adviser. 

auctoritas, tatis, 3, f., authority. 

audacia, ae, 1, f., boldness, courage, 
impudence. 

audax, acis, bold, courageous, im- 
pudent. 

audeo, ausus sum, 2, I dare, am 
bold. 

audio, ivi, itum, 4, J hear. 

aufero, abstuli, ablatum (irr. com- 
pound of fero), I take or carry 

off- 
aura, ae, 1, f., air, breath, favour. 
aureus, a, um, golden, valuable. 
auricula, a?, 1, f., the ear. 
auris, is, 3, f., the ear. 
aurum, i, 2, n., gold. 
auspex, picis, 3, m., a soothsayer, 

diviner. 
Auster, tri, 2, m., the south wind. 
aut, conj , or, either. 
autem, conj., but, however. 
auxilium, ii, 2, n., help, assistance. 
avaritia, ae, 1, f., avarice. 
averto, ti, rsum, 3, I turn off, turn 

away, avert. 
avidus, a, um, greedy, desirous. 



B. 



barbarus, a, um, barbarous. 

beatus, a, um, happy, blessed. 

bellicosus, a, um, warlike. 

bellum, i, 2, n., war. 

bene, adv., well. 

beneficium, ii, 2, n., kindness, a 

benefit. 
bis, adv., twice. 
Bocchus, i, 2, m., Bocchus. 
Bomilcar, ris, 3, m., Bomilcar. 
bonum, i, 2, n., goodness, virtue, 

equity. 
bonus, a, um, good, just, equitable. 



bos, ovis, 3, m. or f., an ox, a 

cow. 
brevi, adv., shortly, in a short 

time. 
brevia, ium, 3, n., fords, shallow 

places. 
brevis, e, short, brief. 
Brutus, i, 2, m., Brutus. 
brutus, a, um, sluggish, inactive. 
bucca, ae, 1, f., a cheek, a trumpet. 



a 



caballus, i, 2, m , a horse. 

cacumen, inis, 3, n., a top, the 
highest point. 

cadaver, eris, 3, n., a dead body. 

cado, cecidi, casum, 3, I fall, 
happen. 

caecus, a, um, blind, secret, dark, 
obscure. 

caedes, is, 3, f., slaughter, murder, 
death. 

caelestis, e, heavenly, celestial. 

caeruleus, a, um, blue, azure, sky- 
coloured. 

Caesar, aris, 3, m., Coesar. 

caesaries, ei, 5, f., hair. 

easterns, a, um, the rest, the other. 

calceus, i, 2, m., a shoe. 

Calchas, ntis, 3, m., the name of a 
diviner. 

calidus, a, um, warm, hot. 

cano, cecini, cantum, 3, I sing, 
prophesy. 

canto, avi, atum, 1, I sing. 

cantus, us, 4, m., a song. 

Capenus, a, um, Capene, Capenian. 

capio, cepi, ptum, 3, I take. 

capitalis, e, capital, worthy of 
death, deadly. 

captator, oris, 3, m., a person who 
lies in wait, a flatterer, a syco- 
phant. 

Capua, ae, 1, f., the name of a city 
in Italy. 

caput, itis, 3, n., the head. 

career, eris, 3, m., a prison. 

careo, rui and cassus sum, carere, 
2, I want, am without. 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



101 



carina, se, 1, f.» the keel of a ship, 

a ship. 
carmen, inis, 3, n., a song, verse, 

incantation, charm. 
Carpathius, a, um, Carpathian. 
carpo, psi, ptum, 3, I gather, rob, 

feed, calumniate. 
Carthaginiensis, e, Carthaginian. 
Carthaginiensis, is, 3, m. or f., a 

Carthaginian. 
Carthago, inis, 3, f., Carthage. 
cams, a, um, dear, beloved, costly. 
Caster, oris, 3, m., Castor. 
castrum, i, 2, n., a camp. 
casurus, a, um, part, of cado, 

about to fall or happen. 
casus, us, 4, m., a fall, chance, 

case, a happening. 
Catilina. se. 1, m., Catiline. 
Cato, onis, 3, m., Cato. 
caupo, onis, 3, m., an innkeeper. 
causa, ae, 1, f., a cause, reason. 
cautus, a, um, cautious, wary, 

prudent, safe. 
caveo, cavi, cautum, 2, 1 take care, 

am on my guard. 
Cecrops, opis, 3, m., Cecrops. 
cedo, ssi, ssum, 3, 1 go, yield, give 

place to. 
celer, eris, quick, active, clever. 
census, us, 4, m., a census, yearly 

income. 
centurio, onis, 3, m., a centurion. 
rerebrosus, a, um, passionate. 
Ceres, eris, 3, f., Ceres. 
cerno, crevi, cretum, 3, I perceive, 

discern. 
certamen, inis, 3, n., a contest. 
certe, adv., certainly. 
certo, avi, atum, 1, I contend. 
certus, a, um, certain. 
cervix, icis, 3, f., the neck. 
cervus, i, 2, m., a stag. 
charus, a, um, same as carus. 
cibarium, ii, 2, n., meat, food. 
cibus, i, 2, m., meat, food. 
Cicero, onis, 3, m., Cicero. 
circum, prep, and adv., about, 

around. 
circum ago, egi, actum, 3, I turn 

or go around. 



circumfero, tuli, latum (irreg. 
compound of fero), I bear or 
carry around. 
circumfusus, a, um, poured around, 

surrounding. 
Cirta, se, 1, f., the name of a , 
town. 

cithara, se, 1, f., a harp. 

citra, prep., on this side. 

citus, a, um, part., moved, pro- 
voked. 

citus, a, um, quick. 

civilis, e, of a city, courteous. 

civis, is, 3, m. or f., a citizen. 

civitas, atis, 3, f., a state, city. 

clades, is, 3, f., loss, defeat, dis- 
aster. 

clam, adv., privately. 

clamo, avi, atum, 1, I cry out, ex- 
claim. 

clarus, a, um, clear, well-known, 
illustrious. 

classis, is, 3, f., a class, fleet. 

claudo, si, sum, 3, I shut. 

clavis, is, 3, f., a key. 

cliens, tis, 3, m. and f., a client, 
a dependant. 

Cneius, ii, 2, m., Cneius. 

ccelum, i, 2, n., heaven, the sky. 

ccena, se, I, f., a supper. 

cceno, avi, atum, 1, I sup. 

ccenula, se, 1, f., a small supper. 

ccepi, verb defect., I have begun. 

cognatus, a, um, allied by blood. 

cognatus, i, 2, m., a cousin. 

cognosco, ovi, itum, 3, I know, 
learn, understand. 

cogo, egi, actum, 3, I force, com- 
pel. 

cohors, tis, 3, f., a cohort, troop, 
a company of people. 

collectus, a, um, part, of colligo. 

collega, se, 1, m. orf., a colleague, 
partner, htlper. 

colligo, legi, lectum, 3, I collect, 
pluck, conclude. 

collis, is, 3, m., a hill. 

colo, ui, ultum, 3, I till, cultivate. 

columen, inis, 3, n., support, stay, 
assistance. 

columna, se, I, f., a pillar. 



f 3 



102 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



comes, itis, 3, m. or f., a com- 
panion. 

comitium, ii, 2, n., an assembly, 
place of an assembly. 

comitor, atus sum, dep., I accom- 
pany. 

commendo, avi, atum, 1, I com- 
mend, entrust. 

commissus, a, um, part, of com- 
mitto. 

committo, isi, issum, 3, I com- 
mit, entrust, engage in battle. 

commodo, avi, atum, 1,1 lend, Jit, 
adapt, profit. 

commodum, i, 2, n., advantage, 
benefit. 

communis, e, common, what be- 
longs to several. 

communiter, adv., in common. 

comparo, avi, atum, 1, I compare, 
procure. 

comperio, ri, rtum, 4, I find out, 
understand. 

complector, plexus sum, ti, dep., 
I embrace, comprehend. 

complexus, a, um, part, of com- 
plector. 

comploratio, onis, 3, f., lamenta- 
tion. 

compono, sui, situm, 1, I put to- 
gether, compose. 

conatus, us, 4, m., an attempt. 

concido, idi, ioum, 3, I cut off, 
cut in pieces, kill. 

concilium, ii, 2, n., an assembly, 
a council. 

concito, avi, atum, 1, I stir up, 
excite. 

concludo, usi, usum, 3, 1 conclude, 
finish, infer. 

Concordia, se, l,f., concord, agree- 
ment. 

concurro, ri, rsum, 3, I run to- 
gether, agree. 

condo, idi, itum, 3, I hide, finish. 

condemnatus, a, um, part, of con- 
demns 

condemno, avi, atum, 1, I con- 



confectus, a, um, part, of con- 
ficio. 



confertus, a, um, thick. 

conficio, eci, fectum, 3, I finish, 
wear out. 

confido, idi, isum, 3, J confide, 
trust. 

confisus, a, um (part, of confido, 
active in signification), trusting, 
confiding, 

confodio, di, ssum, 3, I dig, 
stab. 

confusus, a, um, confused, jumbled 
together. 

congero, gessi, gestum, 3, 1 heap 
or pile together. 

conjectus, a, um, part, of con- 
jicio. 

conjicio, eci, ectum, 3, I cast or 
throw together. 

conjugium, ii, 2, n., marriage. 

conjuratio, onis, 3, f., a conspi- 
racy. 

conjux, gis, 3, m. or f., a husband 
or wife. 

connubium, ii, 2, n., marriage. 

conor, conatus sum, ari, dep., 2" 
attempt. 

conscius, a, um, conscious, aware 
of 

consequor, cutus sum, qui, dep., 
I follow up, reach, obtain. 

conservo, avi, atum, 1, i" pre- 
serve. 

consido, sedi, sessum, 3, I sit 
down, settle, encamp. 

consilium, ii, 2, n., counsel, advice, 
design, purpose. 

consisto, stiti, stitum, 3, 1 consist, 
agree, stand together. 

conspectus, us, 4, m., a sight, 
view. 

conspicio, exi, ectum, 3, I view, 
behold, consider. 

constat, it is evident (3rd sing, of 
consto). 

constituo, ui, utum, 3, 1 constitute, 
appoint, resolve, agree. 

consto, stiti, stitum and statum, 
1 , / consist, agree with, am evi- 
dent. 

consuesco, evi, etum, 3, 1 am ac- 
customed to. 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



103 



consuetudo, inis, 3, f., a habit, 
custom. 

consul, ulis, 3, m., a consul. 

consularis, e, of consular rank. 

consulatus, us, 4, m., the consul- 
ship. 

consulo, sului, sultum, 3, I ask or 
give advice. 

consultor, oris, 3, m., one who asks 
advice, a client. 

consultus, a, um, part, of consulo, 
skilled. 

contendo, ndi, nsum and ntum, 
3, I strive, contend, aim at. 

contentus, a, um, content. 

continentia, ae, 1, f., continence, 
moderation, forbearance. 

eontingo, tigi, tactum, 3, I touch, 
happen, attain. 

continuus, a, um, continual, con- 
stant. 

contra, prep., opposed to, opposite 
to, against. 

contristo, avi, atum, 1, I make 
sad. 

convenio, eni, entum, 4, I come 
together, agree, suit. 

convicium, ii, 2, n., reproach, 
abuse. 

con victor, oris, 3, m., a companion 
at table, guest. 

convivium, ii, 2, n., a feast, ban- 
quet, entertainment. 

convoco, avi, atum, 1, I call to- 
gether, convoke, summon. 

copia, se, 1, f., opportunity, abun- 
dance, resources, plenty. 

coram, prep., before, in presence 

°f- .. 
Cornelii, orum, 2, m., a family in 

Rome, the Cornelii. 
Cornelius, ii, 2, m., Cornelius. 
corpus, oris, 3, n., a body. 
corrigo, exi, ectum, 3, I correct, 

reform. 
corripio, ui, eptum, 3, I seize, 

snatch, reprove. 
corrumpo, upi, ptum, 3, 1 corrupt, 

waste destroy. 
Cossus, i, 2, m., Cossus. 
Crassus, i, 2, m., Crassns. 



crassus, a, um, thick, stupid. 

creber, ra, rum, often, frequent, 
numerous. 

creditus, a, um, part, of credo. 

credo, didi, ditum, 3, I believe, 
trust, entrust. 

cresco, evi, etum, 3, I grow, in- 
crease. 

crinis, is, 3, m., hair. 

crudelitas, atis, 3, f., cruelty. 

cubile, is, 3, n., a bed. 

cubo, ui, itum, 1, J am ill, con- 
fined to bed. 

cujas, atis, pron., of what country 
or sect. 

cujus, a, um, pron., whose, whereof . 

culex, icis, 3, m. or f., a gnat, 
small fly. 

culpa, se, 1, f., a fault. 

culpo, avi, atum, 1, I blame. 

cultura, se, 1, f., culture. 

cultus, a, um, part, of colo. 

cultus, us, 4, m., culture, tilling. 

cum, prep., with. 

cum, adv., when. 

Cumse, arum, 1, f., Cumce, a town 
in Italy. 

cunctor, tatus sum, ari, dep., I 
delay, hesitate. 

cunctus, a, um, all, the whole. 

cupidissime, adv., most anxi- 
ously. 

cupido, inis, 3, f., desire, anxiety, 
lust. 

cupidus, a, um, anxious, desirous. 

cupio, ivi, itum, 3, I covet, desire 
much. 

cur, adv., why ? 

cura, as, 1, f., care, anxiety. 

curatio, onis, 3, f., a curing, heal- 
ing, a charge. 

Cures, ium, 3, a town in Italy. 

Curiatius, ii, 2, m., one of the Cu- 
riatii. 

Curius, ii, 2, m., Curius. 

euro, avi, atum, 1, 1 care for, tale 
care of. 

curro, ri, sum, 3, I run. 

cursus, us, 4, m., a course, a run- 
ning. 

curvus, a, um, crooked. 
4 



104 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



cuspis, idis, 3, f., the point of a 

spear, a spear. 
custodio, ivi, itum, 4, I guard. 
custos, odis, 3, m. or f., a guard, 

a guardian. 
cutis, is, 3, f., the skin. 



Dardanius, a, urn, Trojan. 

datus, a, um, part, of do. 

de, prep., of, from. 

dea, se, 1 , f., a goddess. 

debeo, ui, itum, 2, I ought, owe. 

debitus, a, um, part, of debeo, 
due, appointed. 

decedo, essi, essum, 3, 1 leave, de- 
part. 

Decimus, i, 2, m., Decimus. 

declaro, avi, atum, I, I declare, 
make evident, proclaim. 

decorus, a, um, graceful, becoming, 
proper. 

decus, oris, 3, n., beauty, orna- 
ment, grace. 

deditio, on is, 3, f., a surrender. 

dedo, dedidi, ditum, 3, I submit, 
yield, surrender, give over. 

deduco, uxi, ctum, 3, I bring, take 
from, subtract, spin out. 

defero, tuli, latum (irreg. com- 
pound of fero), J bring, carry 
off, confer, bestow. 

deficio, feci, tectum, 3, I fail, 
leave, revolt, am defective, am 
discouraged. 

defigo, xi, ixum, 3, I fix, fasten, 
thrust into. 

definio, ivi, itum, 4, 1 define, de- 
termine, limit. 

defodio, fodi, fossum, 3, I dig, 
hide in the earth. 

deformatus, a, um, part., deform- 
ed, disgraced, fashioned. 

deformis, e, deformed, ugly, sor- 
did, unsightly. 

defossus, a, um, part, of defodio 

defundo, fudi, fusum, 3, I pour 
out. 

defusus, a, um, part, of defundo. 



dego, gi, 3, I lead, spend, live, 

dwell. 
degusto, avi, atum, 1, I taste, 

touch slightly. 
dein, deinde, advs., afterwards, 

then. 
Deiopeia, se, 1, f., the name of a 



dejicio, jeci, jectum, 3, / cast 

down, remove, degrade. 
delasso, are, 1, J tire out, weary. 
delecto, avi, atum, 1, I please, de- 
light. 
delictum, i, 2, n., a crime, fault, 

offence. 
demens, ntis, foolish, mad, out- 
rageous. 
dementia, as, 1, f., foolishness, 

madness. 
demitto, misi, missum, 3, I send 

down, dismiss, humble, submit. 
demum, adv., at length. 
denique, adv., in fine, at last. 
depello, puli, pulsum, 3, J drive 

away, expel, banish. 
depono, posui, positum, 3, I put 

off, lay down, fix, plant. 
descendo, di, ensum, 3, I descena, 

fall. 
describo, ipsi, iptum, 3, 1 describe, 

copy. 
desero, serui, sertum, 3, I forsake, 

quit, give up. 
desertus, a, um, part, of desero. 
desiderium, ii, 2, n., desire, love, 

want, absence. 
desidia, 83, 1, f., slothfulness. 
designatus, a, um, part , appoint- 
ed (consul designatus, consul 

elect).' 
despondeo, di, I promise, betroth, 

despair of. 
destino, are, 1 determine, intend, 

aim at. 
desum, fui (compound of sum), 

I am absent, wanting, fail. 
desuper, adv., from above, on the 

top. 
deterior, us, worse, weaker. 
devinco, ici, ictum, 2, I overcome, 

conquer. 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



105 



devito, are, 1, I avoid. 

devolo, are, 1, I fly down, away, 
leave. 

devotus, a, urn, part., devoted, 
doomed, cursed. 

Deus, ei, 2, m., a god, the Deity. 

dico, xi, ictum, 3, I say, declare. 

dictator, oris, 3, m., a dictator. 

dictito, are, 1, J say often. 

dictum, i, 2, n., a word, saying. 

dies, ei, 5, m. or f., a day. 

differtus, a, urn, part., filled, stuffed. 

difficilis, e, difficult. 

diffido, fidi, fidere, 3, I distrust, 
despair. 

diffundo, fudi, fusum, 3, 1 pour 
out, disperse, publish. 

dignitas, tatis, 3, f., dignity, ma- 
jesty, grandeur. 

dignus, a, um, worthy, suitable, be- 
coming. 

digredior, gressus sum, gredi, 
dep., / depart, turn aside. 

digressus, us, 4, m., a depar- 
ture. 

dilabor, lapsus sum, labi, dep., I 
slip aside, waste. 

dimico, cavi, care, 1, I fight, en- 
gage, struggle. 

dimitto, isi, issum, 3, I dismiss, 
discharge, let go. 

dimoveo, movi, motum, 2, I re- 
move, put away. 

discedo, essi, essum, 3, I depart, 
leave, go off. 

disco, didici, cere, 3, I learn, un- 
derstand. 

discordia, a?, 1, f., discord, dis- 
agreement. 

discrimen, minis, 3, n., a differ- 
ence, distinction, danger, a battle. 

disjicio, jeci, jectum, 3, I dis- 
perse, overthrow. 

dispar, paris, unlike. 

dispono, posui, positum, 3, I dis- 
pose, set in order, settle. 

dissimilis, e, unlike, different. 

dissipo, are, 1, / dissipate, dis- 
perse, scatter, squander. 

distineo, nui, tentum, 2, I hinder, 
keep off. 



ditesco, cere, 3, I grow rieh. 

diu, adv., a long time. 

divello, vulsi, vulsum, 3, J tear 
asunder, loosen. 

diversus, a, um, different, contrary, 
separate. 

dives, itis, rich, abounding in. 

dives, itis, 3, m. or f., a rich per- 
son. 

divido, visi, visum, 3, 1 divide, dis- 
tribute, distinguish. 

divinus, a, um, divine, blessed. 

divitiae, arum, 1, f., riches, wealth. 

divulgo, are, 1, I spread abroad, 
make known. 

divus, i, 2, m., a god. 

do, dedi, datum, 1, I give. 

doceo, cui, ctum, 2, J teach, in- 
form, tell. 

docilis, e, easily taught, docile. 

doctus, a, um, part, of doceo. 

doleo, lui, litum, 2, / grieve, am 
displeased. 

dolo, are, I, I beat, belabour. 

dolor, oris, 3, m., grief, resent- 
ment. 

dolus, i, 2, m , deceit, treachery. 

dominus, i, 2, m., a master, a 
ruler, a lord. 

domo, mui, mitum, ], I tame, 
subdue, conquer. 

domus, i and us, 2 and 4, f., a 
house, a residence. 

donee, adv., until, as long as. 

dono, avi, atum, 1, I give, be- 
stow. 

donum, i, 2, m., a gift, present. 

Doricus, a, um, Doric. 

dormio, ivi, itum, 4, I sleep. 

dorsum, i, 2, n., the back, ridge of 
a hill. 

dubito, avi, atum, 1, I doubt, hesi- 
tate. 

duco, xi, ctum, 3, I draw, lead, 
carry, bring. 

ducto, avi, atum, 1, I lead. 

ductus, a, um, part, of duco. 

dulcis, e, sweet, agreeable. 

dum, adv., until, whilst. 

duo, ae, o (see Declension of Ad- 
jectives), two. 



F 5 



106 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



durus, a, um, hard, difficult, un- 
pleasant. 
dux, ucis, 3, m. and f., a leader. 



efficio, feci, fectum, 3, I effect, 

bring about, accomplish. 
effugio, ugi, itum, 3, I escape, 

shun, avoid. 
effundo, udi, usum, 3, I pour out, 

empty, spread abroad. 
egens, part., needy, in want. 
egeo, gui, gere, 2, I want, stand 

in need of. 
egestas, tatis, 3, f., want, poverty. 
ego, pron., J. 
egredior, gressus sum, gredi, dep., 

I step forth, depart, embark. 
egregius, a, um, excellent, extra- 
ordinary. 
eheu, interj., ah ! alas ! 
ejicio, jeci, jectum, 3, J cast forth, 

eject, drive away. 
elatio, onis, 3, f., greatness of soul, 

sublimity. 
elephantus, i, 2, m., an elephant. 
eloquentia, ae, 1, f., eloquence. 
emergo, rsi, rsum, 3, 1 arise, rise 

from, emerge. 
emissus, a, um, part, of emitto. 
emitto, isi, issum, 3, I send forth, 

discharge, throw away. 
emo, emi, emptum, 3, I buy. 
emptor, oris, 3, m., a purchaser. 
emptus, or emtus, part, of emo. 
enim, conj., for, indeed. 
enuncio, avi, atum, 1, I speak, 

proclaim, pronounce. 
eo, ivi, itum, irreg., I go. 
eo, adv., therefore, thither, to that 

end. 
Epirus, i, 2, f., a country of 

Greece. 
epistola, ae, 1, f., a letter. 
equa, se, 1, f., a mare. 
eques, itis, 3, m., a horseman, a 

knight. 
equidem, adv., indeed. 



equus, i, 2, m., a horse. 

ergo, adv., therefore. 

erigo, rexi, rectum, 3, 1 erect, raise 
up, promote. 

et, conj., and, both. 

etenim, conj., for, because. 

etiam, conj., also, even, again. 

Etruria, 89, 1, f., Etruria. 

Etruscus, a, um. Etrurian. 

Eurus, i, 2, m., the east wind. 

evenio, veni, ventum, 4, i" come 
out, happen. 

ex, prep., from, out of. 

exagito, avi, atum, 1, I harass, 
disturb, rouse up. 

exanimo, avi, atum, 1, I astonish, 
kill. 

excidium, or exscidium, ii, 2, n., 
destruction, ruin. 

excipio, cepi, ceptum, 3, I receive, 
undertake, except. 

excito, avi, atum, I, I excite, stir 
up, animate. 

exclamo, avi, atum, 1, J exclaim. 

exerceo, cui, citum, 2, I exercise, 
practise. 

exercitus, us, 4, m., an army. 

exigo, egi, actum, 3, / exact, de- 
mand, drive away. 

exiguus, a, um, little, scanty. 

existimo, avi, atum, 1, / think, 
suppose, esteem. 

exitus, us, 4, m., an outlet, end, 
death, result. 

expecto, avi, atum, 1, I expect, 
hope, look for. 

expedio, ivi, itum, 4, I free, de- 
liver, explain. 

expeditus, a, um, part, of expedio. 

expeditus, a, um. speedy, active. 

expello, puli, pulsum, 3, I drive 
out, expel. 

expendo, ndi, nsum, 3, I weigh, 
examine, value. 

experiens, part, of experior. 

experimentum, i, 2, n., an experi- 
ment, trial. 

experior, expertus sum, experiri, 
dep., / try, experiment. 

expers, tis, free from, having no 
part in. 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



107 



expleo, plevi, pletum, 2, I fill up, 

complete. 
exploro,, ploravi, ploratum, 1, I 

explore, examine. 
expono, osui, ositum, 3, I expose, 

set forth. 
exscindo, ere, 3, I cut off. 
exsecratio, onis, 3, f., a cursing. 
exsecror, atus sum, crari, dep., I 

curse. 
exsequor, cutus sum, sequi, dep., 

/ execute, do, perform. 
extemplo, adv., immediately. 
exterritus, a, urn, part., affrighted. 
exterus, a, um, strange, foreign, 

outward. 
extinguo, nxi, nctum, 3, I extin- 
guish, destroy. 
extraho, xi, ctum, 3, I extract, 

pull out, withdraw. 
extremus, a, um, extreme, utmost, 

farthest off. 
exuo, ui, utum, 3, 1 take off, divest 

of. 



Fabius, ii, 2, m., the name of a 
noble family in Rome. 

Fabricius, ii, 2, m., the name of a 
Roman family. 

facies, ei, 5, f., a face, countenance, 
appearance, show, resemblance, 
portrait or picture, make, form, 
fashion, stature, beauty. 

facile, adv., easily, readily, with- 
out much ado, certainly. 

facilis, e, easy, feasible, gentle, 
mild, pliant, good-natured, easy 
to be pleased. 

facinus, oris, 3, n., a great action, 
exploit, adventure. 

facio, feci, factum, cere, 3, I do, 
perform, execute, commit. 

factum, i, 2, n., a fact, action, 
deed, feat, transaction. 

factus, a, um, part., done, made, 
formed, framed. 

/acundia, se, 1, f., eloquence. 

fallo, fefelli, falsum, lere, 3, I de- 
ceive, cheat, disappoint, beguile. 



fama, se, 1, f., fame, report, ru- 
mour. 

fames, is, 3, f., hunger, fasting, 
famine, dearth, a greedy desire. 

familiaris, e, of the same family 
or household, familiar, usual, 
friendly. 

familiaris, is, 3, m., a servant of 
the family, an intimate, a friend. 

fanum, i, 2, n., a temple, a church. 

farina, se, 1, f., meal, flour, powder. 

fatum, i, 2, n., fate, God's provi- 
dence or decree. 

Faunus, i, 2, m., Faunus, a god of 
the country. 

faustitas, tatis, 3, f., good luck. 

faux, cis, 3, f., the jaw, a strait, 
narrow passage. 

faveo, vi, fautum, 2, I favour, be- 
friend. 

felix, icis, happy, fortunate, pro- 
pitious. 

fera, 33, 1, f., a wild beast. 

fere, adv., almost, nearly. 

feria, 33, 1, f., a holiday. 

ferio, percussi, percussum, 4, I 
strike, smite, sacrifice. 

fero, tuli, latum, irr., I bear, 
carry, report. 

ferocia, 33, 1, f , ferocity, cruelty^ 

ferox, ocis, ferocious, cruel, daring. 

ferrum, i, 2, n., iron, a sword. 

ferus, a, um, wild, savage. 

ferus, i, 2, m., a wild beast. 

fessus, a, um, part., wearied. 

fidelis, e, faithful. 

fideliter, adv., faithfully. 

fides, ei, 5, f., faith, honour, truth. 

fido, idi, ere, 3, I trust. 

fidus, a, um, faithful. 

figo, xi, xum, 3, I fix, shoot, 
pierce. 

filia, 33, 1, f., a daughter. 
lius, ii, 2, m., a son. 

findo, idi, issum, 3, I cleave, split, 
divide. 

fingo, nxi, ictum, 3, 1 form, devise, 
invent. 

finis, is, m. or f., 3, an end, limit. 

finitimus, a, um, bordering near, 
adjoining. 



F 6 



108 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



fio, factus sum, fieri, irr., I am 
made, done. 

Flaccus, i, 2, m., Flaccus. 

flagitium, ii, 2, n., a crime, dis- 
grace. 

flagro, avi, are, 1, I burn, am in 
a passion. 

flamma, 33, 1, f., aflame. 

flatus, us, 4, m., a blast, breath, 
gale. 

Flavius, ii, 2, m., Flavins. 

flebilis, e, mournful, to be lamented. 

flebiliter, adv., mournfully. 

flecto, exi, exum, 3, I bend. 

fleo, evi, etum, 2, I weep. 

fluctus, us, 4, m., a wave. 

foedus, eris, 3, n., a league. 

fcenerator, oris, 3, m., an usurer. 

foetus, us, 4, m., the young of 
any creature, a birth. 

forma, 33, 1, f., shape, form, 
beauty. 

formica, se, 1, f., an ant. 

formido, inis, 3, i.,fear, dread. 

fors, tis, 3, f., fortune, chance. 

forsan, ~| 

forsitan, >advs., perhaps. 

forsit, J 

forte, adv., by chance. 

fortis, e, strong, brave. 

fortitudo, inis, 3, f., fortitude. 

fortuna, se, 1, f., fortune. 

fortunatus, a, urn, fortunate. 

forum, i, 2, n., the forum, a mar- 
ket-place. 

fractus, a, um, part., broken. 

fraenum, i, 2, n., a bridle, check. 

frangendus, a, um, part., to be 
broken. 

frango, fregi, fractum, 3, J break. 

frater, tris, 3, m., a brother. 

fraus, dis, 3, f., fraud, a cheat. 

frigus, oris, 3, n., cold. 

frons, tis, 3, f., the front, fore- 
head. 

frons, dis, 3, f., the leaf of a tree. 

frugi, indecl. adj., careful, thrifty. 

frustra, adv., in vain. 

fuga, 93, 1, f., flight. 

fugio, gi, gitum, 3, I flee, escape. 

fulgeo, lsi, lsum, 2, I shine. 



fulmineus, a, um, of or belonging 

to thunder, glittering. 
fulmino, avi, are, 1, 1 thunder. 
fultura, 33, 1, f., a prop, support. 
Fulvia, a?, 1, f., Fulvia. 
f undo, avi, atum, 1 , 1 found, lay 

a foundation, establish. 
fundo, fudi, fusum, 3, I pour out, 

shed, spill. 
funus, eris, 3, n., a funeral, death, 

corpse. 
furiosus, a, um, furious, mad. 
furtim, adv., privately, by stealth. 
fuscus, a, um, brown, tawny, dark. 
fustis, tis, 3, m , a club, staff. 
fusus, a, um, part., poured out. 
futurus, a, um, part., about to be. 



G. 



Gabinius, ii, 2, m., Gabinius. 

Galli, orum, 2, m., the Gauls. 

Gallia, se, 1, f., Gaul. 

Gallicus, a, um, Gallic. 

Gallus, i, 2, m., a Frenchman, a cock. 

garrulus, a, um, prating, talka- 
tive. 

gaudium, ii, 2, n.,joy. 

gelidus, a, um, cold. 

gemma, 33, f., a gem, jewel. 

gena, 33, 1, f., the cheek. 

genitor, oris, 3, m., a father, be- 
getter. 

genitrix, tricis, 3, f., a mother. 

genius, ii, 2, m., a genius, a good 
or evil demon. 

gens, tis, 3, f., a nation, tribe, 
family. 

genus, eris, 3, n., a kind, sort, 
stock, lineage. 

Germania, 33, 1, f., Germany. 

gero, ssi, stum, 3, I bear, conduct, 
wage. 

gingiva, 33, 1, f., the gum. 

gladius, ii, 2, m., a sword. 

glomeratus, a, um, part., wound 
up like a ball. 

glomero, avi, atum, 1, I wind up, 
gather in a heap, collect. 

gloria, 33, 1, f., glory. 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



100 



gnatus, i, 2, m., a son. 

gracilis, e, slender, slight. 

Grseci, orum, 2, m., the Greeks. 

Grsecia. se, 1, f., Greece. 

grandis, e great, sublime. 

grando, inis, 3, f., hail. 

gratia, se, 1, f., grace, favour, in- 
fluence. 

gratulor, atus sum, ari, dep., I 
congratulate. 

gratus, a, um, grateful, agreeable. 

gravis, e, weighty, important. 

Grosphus, i, 2, m., Grosphus. 

guberno, avi, atum, 1, 1 govern, 
steer. 

gula, se, 1, f., the throat. 



H. ' 

habeo, ui, itum, 2, J have, esteem, 
regard, deliver a speech. 

habitandus, a, um, part., to be in- 
habited. 

habito, avi, atum, 1, I dwell, in- 
habit. 

haeres, edis, 3, m. or f., an heir. 

hastile, is, 3, n., a spear. 

haud, adv., not. 

Heliodorus, i, 2, m., Heliodorus. 

herba, se, 1, f., an herb, grass. 

Hercules, is, 3, m., Hercules. 

Hesperia, se, 1, f., Hesperia. 

heu, interj., alas ! 

hie, hsec, hoc, pron., he, this. 

hie, adv., here. 

hicce, hsecce, hocce, pron., this. 

hiemo, avi, atum, 1, / winter. 

Hiempsal, alis, 3, m., Hiempsal. 

hiems, is, 3, f., winter. 

hinc, adv., hence, from this time. 

historia, se, 1, f., history. 

homo, inis, 3, m. or f., a man or 
woman, a human being. 

honestus, a,um, honourable, honest. 

honor, oris, 3, m, honour, re- 
spect. 

hora, se, 1, f., an hour. 

Horatius, ii, 2, m., Horatius. 

horrens, tis, rough, horrible. 



horreo, ui, ere, 2, I am rough, 
look horrid, shudder. 

horridus, a, um, horrid. 

hortus, i. 2, m., a garden. 

hospes, itis, 3, m, or f., a guest, a 
host. 

hospitium, ii, 2, n., hospitality, an 
inn. 

hostilis, e, hostile. 

Hostilius, ii, 2, m., Hostilius. 

hostis, is, 3, m. or {., an enemy. 

hue, adv., hither. 

humanitas, tatis, 3, f., humanity, 
good-nature, politeness. 

humanus, a, um, polite, human. 

humerus, i, 2, m., the shoulder. 

humilis, e, humble, low. 

hyemalia, ium, 3, n., winter-quar- 
ters. 



I. 



Iberia, 83, 1, f., Spain. 

ibi, adv., there. 

ico, ci, ctum, 3, I strike. 

ictus, a, um, part, of ico. 

Idseus, a, um, belonging to Mount 

Ida, Idean. 
idem, eadem, idem, pron., the 

same person or thing. 
igitur, conj., therefore. 
ignarus, a, um, ignorant, unskilful. 
ignavus, a, um, indolent, sluggish. 
ignis, is, 3, m.,fire. 
ignoro, avi, atum, 1, I don't know, 

am ignorant of. 
Iliacus, a, um, Trojan. 
illabor, psus sum, labi, dep., I 

slide, fall upon. 
ille, a, ud, pron., he, she, that. 
illecebra, se, 1, f., an enticement. 
illuc, adv., thither. 
illustris, e, illustrious, famous, 

noble. 
imbuo, ui, utum, 3, I imbue, tinge, 

stain, dye. 
imitor, tatus sum, tari, dep., I 

imitate. 
immanitas, tatis, 3, f., cruelty, 

savageness. 
immensus, a, um, immense. 



110 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



immineo, ui, ere, 2, / hang over, 
impend, threaten. 

immortalis, e, immortal. 

immuto, avi, atum, 1, / change. 

imo, adv., yes, nay. 

imparatus, a, um, part., unpre- 
pared. 

impavidus, a, um, fearless, un- 
daunted. 

impello, puli; pulsum, 3, I drive, 
thrust, persuade. 

impendeo, dere, 2, I threaten, 
hang over, am near at hand. 

imperator, oris, 3, m., a comman- 
der, general, emperor. 

imperito, avi, atum, 1, I rule, com- 
mand. 

imperium, ii, 2, n., military autho- 
rity, rule, power. 

impero, avi, atum, 1, 1 command. 

impetro, avi, atum, 1, I obtain, 
finish. 

impiger, gra, gram, active, dili- 
gent. 

impius, a, um, impious, wicked. 

impleo, evi, etum, 2, I Jill up. 

implico, ui and cavi, citum and 
catum, 1, J enfold, entangle, 
attack. 

imploro, avi, atum, \, I implore, 
beseech. 

impono, sui, situm, 3, I impose, 
put on. 

importunus, a, um, importunate, 
troublesome. 

improbus, a, um, dishonest, wicked, 
base. 

impulsus, us, 4, m., an impulse, 
attack, shock. 

in, prep., in, upon, into, towards. 

inanis, e, empty, useless, frivo- 
lous. 

incassum, adv., in vain. 

incedo, essi, essum, 3, I go, walk, 
enter on. 

inceptum, i, 2, n., a beginning, 
undertaking. 

incertus, a, um, uncertain, doubt- 
ful. 

incido, idi, casum, 3, I fall into, 
happen. 



incipio, epi, eptum, 3, i" begin, un- 
dertake, attempt. 

incitatus, a, um, part., stirred up, 
incited. 

incito, avi, atum, 1, / stir up, 
excite. 

inclytus, a, um, famous, excellent, 
renowned. 

incolumis, e, safe. 

incorruptus, a, um, uncorrupted, 
pure. 

incredibilis, e, incredible. 

increpo, pui and pavi, pitum, 1, I 
make a noise, chide, blame. 

incurro, ri, rsum, 3, I run in or 
upon, attack. 

incutio, ussi, ssum, 3, I strike, 
smite. 

inde, adv., from thence, from that 
time, then. 

Indi, orum, 2, m. and f., the In- 
dians. 

indico, avi, atum, 1, I point out, 
discover. 

indico, xi, ctum, 3, J proclaim, 
declare. 

indignatio, onis, 3, f., indignation. 

induco, xi, ctum, 3, I induce, pre- 
vail on, lead into. 

indulgeo, lsi, ere, 2, I indulge. 

inermis, e, unarmed, defenceless. 

iners, tis, inactive, sluggish, stupid. 

infans, tis, infant, young. 

infans, tis, 3, m. or f., an infant. 

infantia, se, 1, f., infancy. 

infero, tuli, illatum, I bring in, 
conclude, apply. 

inferus, a, um, low, inferior. 

infidelis, e, faithless, unfaithful. 

infidus, a, um, faithless, treache- 
rous. 

infimus, a, um, lowest, contempt- 
ible. 

ingenium, ii, 2, n., nature, dis- 
position, capacity. 

ingero, ssi, estum, 3, I throw in, 
or upon, heap up. 

inimicus, a, um, hostile, unfriendly. 

iniquus, a, urn, unjust, cruel. 

injuria, se, 1, f., injury, injustice. 

injuste, adv., unjustly. 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



Ill 



injustitia, 33, 1, f., injustice. 

injustus, a, urn, unjust. 

innecto, exui and exi, exum, 3, I 
tie, bind, devise. 

inops, is, poor, destitute. 

inquam, verb def., I say. 

inquietus, a, um. unquiet. 

inquio, verb def., 1 say. 

insanus, a, um, insane, mad. 

insero, sevi, situm, 3, 1 sow in, im- 
plant. 

insidise, arum, 1, f., snares, am- 
bush. 

insisto, stiti, stitum, 3, I insist 
upon, urge, stand on. 

insolens, tis, insolent, unusual, un- 
accustomed. 

inspicio, pexi, pectum, 3, I look 
upon, look into, observe. 

inspiro, avi, atum, 1, I breathe 
into, inspire, animate. 

instituo, ui, utum, 3, I institute, 
appoint, establish. 

insto, stiti, stitum, 1, I urge, am 
earnest, threaten. 

insulto, avi, atum, 1, 1 insult, leap 
upon. 

insum, fui, esse, I am in. 

intactus, a, um, part , untouched, 
inviolate. 

integer, gra, grum, entire, whole. 

integritas, tatis, 3, f., perfectness, 
integrity. 

intelligo, exi, ectum, 3, I under- 
stand. 

intendo, di, nsum and ntum, 3, I 
intend, hold, design. » 

inter, prep., between. 

interdum, adv., sometimes. 

interea, adv., in the meantime. 

interficio, eci, ectum, 3, I kill, 
slay. 

introeo, ivi, itum, 4, J enter into. 

intus, adv., within. 

invado, asi, asum, 3, I invade, 
enter on, attack. 

invenio, ni, ntum, 4, I invent, 
come into, contrive. 

inversus, a, um, part., inverted, 
turned upside down. 

inverto, ti, rsum, 3. I invert. 



invictus, a, um, part., nnconquered. 

invideo, idi, isum, 2, 1 envy, 
grudge, refuse. 

invidia, se, 1 , f , envy, odium. 

invidus, a, um, envious. 

invisus, a, um, unseen, odious, 
hated. 

ipse, a, um, pron., him, her, or 
itself. 

iracundus, a, um, passionate. 

irascor, atus sum, sci, dep., I am 
angry with. 

irrevocabilis, e, that cannot be re- 
called. 

irriguus, a, um, watered, moist. 

is, ea, id, pron., he, she, it. 

iste, a, ud, pron., this, that, he;, 
that fellow or thing. 

ita, adv., so. 

Italia, se, 1, f., Italy. 

Italicus, a, um, Italian. 

itaque, adv., therefore. 

item, adv., likewise. 

iter, meris, 3, n., a journey, road. 

iterum, adv., again. 

iturus, a, um, part., about to go. 



J. 



jaceo, ui, ere, 2, / lie, lie down. 

jactans, part., tossing, boasting. 

jacto, avi, atum, 1, I toss, boast. 

jam, adv., now, even. 

jamdudum, adv., long since. 

jamque, adv., and now. 

jubeo, jussi, jussum, 2, Ibid, com- 
mand, order. 

jucundus, a, um, pleasant. 

judico, avi, atum, 1, I judge, ad- 
judge, determine. 

jugerum, i, 2, n., an acre. 

jugulum, i, 2, n., the throat, neck. 

Jugurtha, as, 1, m., Jugurtha. 

jungo, nxi, nctum, 3, I join, add, 
annex. 

Juno, onis, 3, f., Juno. 

Jupiter, Jovis, 3, m., Jupiter. 

jus, juris, 3, n., right, justice, law , 

jussum, i, 2, n., an order. 

justitia, 93, 1, t, justice. 



112 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



Justus, a, urn, just, reasonable. 
juvenis, e, youthful, young. 
juvenis, is, 3, m. or f., a young 

person. 
juventa, se, 1, f., youth. 
juventus, utis, 3, f., youth. 
juvo, uvi, utum, 1, I help, assist. 



L. 



labens, tis, part., falling, sliding. 

labor, lapsus sum, labi, dep., I 
fall, slide, slip. 

labor, and labos, oris, 3, m., la- 
hour, work, trouble. 

laboro, avi, atum, 1, I labour, 
work. 

lacryma, or lachryma, 33, 1, f., a 
tear. 

laetitia, 33, 1, f.,joy, gladness. 

ketus, a, um, joyful, glad. 

Lasvinus, i, 2, m., Lcevinus. 

lsevis, e, smooth, polished. 

laevus, a, um, left, on the left, 
foolish. 

lana, 33, 1, f., wool. 

lapis, idis, 3, m., a stone. 

laqueus, i, 2, m., a snare, rope, 
halter. 

Lar, ris, 3, m., a household god. 

latex, icis, 3, m., liquor, spring- 
water. 

latro, onis, 3, m., a robber. 

laturus, a, um, part., about to 
bring, bear. 

laudo, avi, atum, I praise, com- 
mend. 

Laurens, tis, 3, m. or f., a Lau- 
ren tine. 

laus, dis, 3, f., praise. 

legatus, i, 2, m., an ambassador. 

legio, onis, 3, f., a legion. 

lego, gi, ctum, 3, J gather, read. 

lenio, ivi, itum, 4, 1 ease, mitigate, 
appease. 

leniter, adv., softly, gently. 

Lentulus, i, 2, m., Lentulus. 

lethargus, i, 2, m., a lethargy. 

lethum, or letum, i, 2, n., death. 

leviter, adv., liyhtly, gently. 



levo, avi, atum, 1, I lift up. 

lex, gis, 3, f., law. 

liber, bera, berum, free. 

liber, bri, 2, m , a book. 

libero, avi, atum, 1, I free. 

liberta, 33, 1, f., a freedwoman. 

libertas, tatis, 3, f., liberty 

libertinus, i. 2, m., a freedman. 

libertus, i, 2, m., a freedman. 

Libya, ae, 1, f., Africa. 

liceo, cui, citum, 2, J am allowed 

(in 3rd sing., it is lawful). 
Licinius, ii, 2, m., Licinius. 
ligo, avi, atum, 1, / tie, bind. 
lingua, se, \,i., a tongue, language. 
linter, tris, 3, m., a boat. 
liquidus, a, um, liquid. 
litera, ae, 1 , f., a letter of a book. 
literae, arum, 1, f., an epistle, 

letters, learning. 
lito, avi, atum, 1, I sacrifice. 
litus, or littus, oris, 3, n., the 

shore. 
loco, avi, atum, 1, I place, settle. 
loculus, i, 2, m., a purse, bag, 

coffer. 
locus, i, 2, n. (in plural, loci, and 

neut., loca), a place, occasion, 

opportunity. 
longe, &dv.,far off. 
longinquus, a, um, remote, far off. 
longus, a, um, long. 
loquax, acis, talkative. 
loquor, cutus sum, loqui, dep., I 

speak. 
lubido, inis, 3, f., pleasure, lust. 
Lucilius, ii, 2, m., Lucilius. 
Lucius (Bestia), ii, 2, m., Lucius. 
lucrum, i, 2, n=, gain, profit. 
luctus, us, 4, m., grief. 
lucus, i, 2, m., a grove. 
ludus, i, 2, m., play, a school. 
lugubris, e, mournful, sad. 
lumbus, i, 2, m., the loin, the 

reins. 
lumen, inis, 3, n., light, bright- 
ness. 
luna, ae, 1 , f., the moon. 
lupus, i, 2, m., a wolf. 
lux, ucis, 3, f., light. 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



113 



M. 

macer, era, crum, lean, thin. 

madidus, a, um, wet, moist. 

magalia, ium, 3, n., cottages, 
sheds. 

magis, adv., more. 

magister, tri, 2, m., a master. 

magistrates, us, 4, m., a magis- 
tracy. 

magnifice, adv., magnificently, 
nobly. 

magnus, a, um, large, great. 

majestas, atis, 3, f., majesty, dig- 
nity. 

major, us, greater, elder, import- 
ant. 

majores, um, 3, m., elders, ances- 
tors. 

male, adv., badly, improperly. 

malesuadus, a, um, persuading ill. 

malignus, a, um, malignant, ill- 
disposed, spiteful. 

malitia, se, 1, f, malice, vice. 

malo, lui, malle, irreg., I am more 
willing, prefer. 

malum, i, 2, n., an evil, sin, mis- 
fortune. 

malus, a, um, bad, evil. 

mando, avi, atum, 1, / command, 
bid, entrust. 

mane, adv., in the morning. 

maneo, nsi, ere, 2, I remain. 

manifestus, a, um, manifest, clear, 
plain. 

Manlius, ii, 2, m., Manlius. 

mansuetudo, dinis, 3, f., clemency, 
gentleness. 

manus, us, 4, f., a hand, a band 
of soldiers. 

Marcus, i, 2, m., Marcus. 

mare, is, 3, n., the sea. 

Marsi, orum, 2, m. or f., the 
Mar si. 

mater, tris, 3, f., a mother. 

mature, adv., in time, speedily. 

maturo, avi, atum, 1, jf ripen, 
make haste. 

maturus, a, um, ripe. 

Maximus, i, 2, m., Maximus. 



maximus, a, um, greatest. 

Medi, orum, 2, m. or f., the 
Medes. 

medicus, i, 2, m., a physician. 

meditor, atus sum, tari, dep., I 
think, meditate, purpose. 

medius, a, um, the middle. 

melior, us, better. 

Melpomene, es (Greek declension), 
f., Melpomene, one of the Muses. 

membrum, i, 2, n., a limb, mem- 
ber. 

memor, oris, mindful, grateful. 

memoro, avi, atum, 1, 1 relate, 
remember. 

mens, tis, 3, f., the mind. 

mensa, se, 1, f., a table. 

mensis, is, 3, m., a month. 

mentior, itus sum, iri, dep., I lie, 
feign, pretend. 

mercator, oris, 3, m., a merchant. 

Mercurius, ii, 2, m., Mercury. 

mereo, ui, itum, 2, I deserve. 

meritum, i, 2, n., merit. 

merum, i, 2, n., pure wine. 

metallum, i, 2, n., metal. 

Metellus, i, 2, m., Metellus. 

Mettus, i, 2, m., Metius. 

metuo, ui, ere, 3, I fear, dread 

metus, us, 4, m.,fear, dread. 

meus, a, um, pron., mine. 

Mezentius, ii, 2, m., Mezentius. 

Micipsa, se, 1, m., Micipsa. 

migro, avi, atum, 1, / remove, 
emigrate. 

miles, itis, 3, m., a soldier. 

militaris, e, military, warlike. 

militia, se, 1, f., warfare, war. 

milito, avi, atum, 1, I wage war, 

mille. is, 3, n., a thousand. 

minse, arum, 1, f., threats, battle- 
ments. 

minax, acis, threatening. 

Minerva, se, 1, f., Minerva. 

minimus, a, um, least. 

minor, us, less. 

minus, adv., less. 

miror, atus sum, ari, dep., I 
wonder at, admire. 

misceo, cui, mistum and mixtum, 
2, I mix, mingle. 



114 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



miser, era, erum, miserable, wretch- 
ed. 

miserabilis, e, miserable, unhappy. 

miserandus, a, um, to be pitied, 
worthy of pity. 

misere, adv., wretchedly, very 
much. 

misereor, ertus sum, eri, dep., I 
pity. 

miseresco, cere, 3, I pity. 

miseria, se, 1, f., misery, wretched- 
ness. 

missus, a, um, part, of mitto. 

mitesco, cere, 3, I grow mild. 

mitto, isi, issum, 3, / send. 

mobilis, e, moveable, fickle. 

modicus, a, um, moderate. 

modo, &dv.,just now, only. 

modus, i, 2, m., a manner, mea- 
sure. 

mcenia, ium, 3, n., walls, fortifi- 
cations. 

moles, is, 3, f., a mass, any thing 
huge. 

molior, itus sum, iri, dep., I under- 
take, attempt. 

molliter, adv., softly, tenderly. 

momentum, i, 2, n., a moment, 
weight, force. 

moneo, ui, itum, 2, I advise. 

monitor, oris, 3, m. or f., an ad- 
viser. 

monitus, a, um, part, of moneo. 

mons, tis, 3, m., a mountain. 

monstro, avi, atum, 1, I point 
out. 

monstrum, i, 2, n., a monster, 
wonder, prodigy. 

mora, se, 1, f., delay. 

morbus, i, 2, m., disease, sickness. 

morior, mortuus sum, moriri, dep., 
I die. 

moror, atus sum, ari, dep., I 
delay. 

mors, tis, 3, f., death. 

mortuus, a, um, dead. 

mos, oris, 3, m., a custom, morals. 

motus, a, um, part, of moveo. 

motus, us, 4, m., motion. 

moveo, ovi, otum, 2, J move. 

mox, adv., by and by, shortly. 



mula, se, 1, f., a she-mule. 
multitudo, inis, 3, f., a multitude. 
multo, adv., by much. 
multum, adv., much. 
multus, a, um, much, many. 
mundus, a, um, clean, neat. 
mundus, i, 2, m., the world. 
munificentia, se, 1, f., generosity, 

munificence. 
munio, ivi. itum, 4, 1 fortify. 
munus, eris, 3, n., a gift, present. 
murus, i, 2, m., a wall. 
mutatio, onis, 3, f., a change. 



N. 



Nse, adv., yes, indeed, verily. 

nam, con]., for, because. 

nam que, conj., for. 

narro, avi, atum, 1, 1 tell, relate. 

nascens, tis, part, of nascor. 

nascor, natus sum, nasci, dep., I 
am born, arise, begin. 

nasus, i, 2, m., the nose. 

nata, se, 1, f., a daughter. 

natura, se, 1, f., nature. 

natus, a, um, part, of nascor. 

natus, i, 2, m., a son. 

navis, is, 3, f., a ship. 

navita, se, 1, m., a sailor. 

nauta, se, 1, m., a sailor. 

ne, adv. and conj., not, lest, 
whether. 

nee, conj., neither, nor. 

necatus, a, um, part., killed. 

necessitudo, inis, 3, f., necessity, 
friendship. 

nefas, indecl., n., wickedness, im- 
piety. 

negligo, exi, ectum, 3, I neglect. 

negotior, atus sum, ari, dep., 1 
transact business. 

negotium, ii, 2, n., business. 

nemo, inis, 3, m. and f., nobody. 

nempe, adv., namely. 

nepos, otis, 3, m., a grandson. 

Neptunus, i, 2, m., Neptunus. 

nequam, indecl. adj., wicked, 
worthless. 

neque, conj., neither, nor. 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



115 



nequeo, ivi, itum, 4, I cannot. 
nequicquain, adv., in vain. 
Nereus, i, 2, m., Nereus. 
nervus, i, 2, m., nerve, a cord. 
nescio, ivi, itum, 4, i" am ignorant, 

don't know. 
neuter, tra, trura, neither. 
ni, conj., unless. 
nidor, oris, 3, m., a scent, a strong 

smell. 
nihil, indecl., n., nothing. 
nihilominus, adv., notwithstand- 

nihilum, i, 2, n., nothing. 

nil, for nihil, indecl. 

nimbus, i, 2, m., a cloud. 

nimis, adv., too much. 

nimium, adv., too much. 

nisi, conj., if not, unless. 

niteo, tui, ere, 2, I shine. 

nitor, nixus and nisus sum, ti, 
dep., J endeavour, labour. 

nitor, oris, 3, m., neatness, bright- 
ness. 

nobilis, e, noble. 

nobilis, is, 3, m., a nobleman. 

noceo, ui, citum, 2, I hurt. 

nolo, nolui, nolle, irr., I am un- 
willing. 

nomen, inis, 3, n., a name, title. 

Nomentanus, i, 2, m., Nomenta- 
nus. 

nomino, avi, atum, 1, I name, 
nominate. 

non, adv., not. 

nonnuilus, a, um, some. 

nonus, a, um, ninth. 

nosco, ovi, otum, 3, I know. 

noster, tra, trum, ours, our. 

nostras, tis, of our own country, 
sect, party. 

Notus, i, 2, m., the south-wind. 

notus. a, um, part., well known. 

novem, indecl., nine. 

novendialis, e, of nine days' con- 
tinuance. 

novo, avi, atum, 1, I renew 3 1 make 
new. 

novus, a, um, new, late. 

nox, ctis, 3, f., night. 

Bubes, is, 3, f., a cloud. 



nudus, a, um, naked. 
nugae, arum, 1, f., trifles. 
nullus, a, um, none. 
num, adv., whether. 
Numa, se, 1, m., Numa. 
Numantinus, a, um, Numantine. 
numen, inis, 3, n., the deity, will, 

decree. 
numero, avi, atum, 1, I number, 

reckon. 
numerus, i, 2, m., a number. 
Numidae, arum, 1, m. and f., the 

Numidians. 
Numidia, ae, 1, f., Numidia. 
nummus, i, 2, m., money. 
nunc, adv., now. 
nuncio, avi, atum, 1, I announce, 

tell. 
nuncius, ii, 2, m., a messenger. 
nunquam, adv., never. 
nutrio, ivi, itum, 4, I nourish. 
nympha, se, 1, f., a nymph. 



O ! and oh ! interjs., oh I 

ob, prep., for, on account of, in 

the way of. 
obeo, ivi, itum, 4, 1 go, go through, 

undertake. 
objicio, jeci, jectum, 3, I object, 

throw in the way of. 
obiratus, part., incensed with. 
oblivio, onis, 3, i.,forgetfulness. 
obnoxius, a, um, obnoxious, liable 

to, subject to. 
obsidio, onis, 3, f., a siege, block- 
ade. 
obsto, stiti, stitum and statum, 1 , 

1 stand in the way of, I oppose. 
obvius, a, um, hindering, opposite 

to, hostile. 
occido, idi, isum, 3, I kill, slay, 

put to death. 
occulte, adv., secretly. 
occupo, avi, atum, 1, J occupy, 

take beforehand, anticipate. 
occurro, ri, rsum, 3, 1 occur, meet, 

run in the way of. 
oceanus, i, 2, m., the ocean. 



116 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



ocior, us, swifter. 
Octavius, ii, 2, m., Octavius. 
octussis, is, m., eight asses in 

money. 
oculus, i, 2, m., the eye. 
ocyor, us, same as ocior. 
odi, def. verb, J hate. 
odium, ii, 2, n., hatred. 
odor, oris, 3, m., odour, a smell. 
offero, obtuli, oblatum, irr., 1 offer, 

present. 
officium, ii, 2, n., office, business, 

employment. 
oh I ohe ! interjs., oh I enough / 
olim, adv., in time past, long ago, 

in time to come. 
omen, inis, 3, n., an omen, sign. 
omitto, isi, issum, 3, J omit, give 

up. 
omnino, adv., in all, entirely, 

altogether. 
omnis, e, all. 

onus, eris, 3, n., a burthen, load. 
opacus, a, um, shady, dark, gloomy. 
opera, se, 1, f., work, labour. 
Opimius, ii, 2, m., Opimius. 
oporteo, ere, 2, / behove. 
oppeto, tivi and tii, titum, 3, I un- 
dergo, die in battle. 
opportunus, a, um, seasonable, 

favourable. 
opprimo, essi, essum, 3, I oppress, 

overpower, overwhelm. 
oppugnatio, onis, 3, f., an assault, 

siege. 
oppugno, avi, atum, 1, I attack, 

assault. 
ops, opis, 3, f., assistance, wealth, 

resources. 
optimus, a, um, best. 
opto, avi, atum, 1, / wish. 
opulertfus, a, um, wealthy. 
opus, eris, 3, n., work, labour. 
opus, indecl., need. 
orandus, a, um, to be prayed for. 
oratio, onis, 3, f., an oration, 

speech. 
orbis, is, 3, m., an orb, circle, the 

world. 
Orcus, i, 2, m., Pluto, the grave, 

hell. 



ordo, inis, 3, m., order, regularity. 

orior, ortus sum, oriri, dep., / 
arise, begin. 

oro, avi, atum, 1, I beg, entreat. 

Orpheus, i, 2, m , Orpheus. 

ortus, a, um, part., risen. 

ortus, us, 4, m., a rising. 

oryza, ae, 1, f., rice. 

os, oris, 3, n., the mouth, face. 

os, ossis, 3, n., a bone. 

ostendo, di, nsum, 3, / show, dis- 
play. 

ostium, ii, 2, n., a door, entrance, 
the mouth of a river. 

otium, ii, 2, n., leisure, ease. 

ovans, tis, part., triumphing. 

ovis, is, 3, f., a 



pacatus, a, um, part., reduced to 

peace, pacified. 
Pachynus, i, 2, m., a promontory 

of Sicily. 
paco, avi, atum, 1, I reduce to 

peace, pacify. 
pactio, onis, 3, f., a covenant, 

agreement. 
pactum, i, 2, n., a covenant, man- 
ner. 
palam, adv., openly. 
Palinurus, i, 2, m., Palinurus. 
pallens, tis, part., pale, being pale, 

causing paleness. 
pallidus, a, um, pale. 
palpor, atus sum, ari, dep., I 

stroke gently, soothe, flatter. 
paludamentum, i, 2, n., a military 

cloak. 
paluster, tris, e, marshy. 
pando, di, nsum and ssum, 3, I 

open, spread, display. 
Pantolabus, i, 2, m., Pantolabus. 
par, is, equal. 

paratus, a, um, part., prepared. 
parens, tis, m. and f., a parent. 
parens, tis, part., obeying. 
pareo, ui, itum, 2, J appear, obey. 
paries, tis, 3, m., a wall. 
pariter, adv., equally. 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



117 



paro, avi, atum, 1, 1 prepare. 
paropsis, idis, 3, f., a dish. 
pars, tis, 3, f., a part. 
Parthus, i, 2, m., a Parthian. 
partim, adv., partly, in part. 
parturio, ivi, itum, 4, / biing forth 

in childbirth. 
partus, us, 4, m., a birth, offspring. 
partus, a, um, part., brought 

forth. 
parum, adv., little. 
parvulus, a, um, very little. 
parvus, a, um, small. 
pasco, avi, stum, 3, I feed, nou- 
rish, support. 
pascor, pastus sum, pasci, dep., J 

feed. 
patens, tis, part., lying open. 
pater, tris, 3, m., a father, a sena- 
tor. 
patera, ae, 1, f., a goblet. 
patiens, tis, part., suffering, able to 

endure. 
patria, ae, 1, f., one's country. 
patricius, ii, 2, m , a patrician. 
patricius, a, um, patrician. 
patrimonium, ii, 2, n., patrimony, 

the paternal estate. 
patrius, a, um, paternal, belonging 
to a father or to one's coun- 
try. 
patro, avi, atum, 1, I commit, 

effect. 
patulus, a, um, open, wide. 
pauci, ae, a, few. 
paucitas, tatis, 3, f., fewness, a 

few people. 
paulatim, adv., by degrees. 
paulo, adv., by a little. 
paululum or paullulum, adv., a 

little. 
pauper, ris, poor, a poor person. 
pauperies, ei, 5, f., poverty. 
paupertas, tis, 3, f , poverty, 
paveo, vi, vere, 2, I fear, dread. 
pax, cis, 3, f , peace. 
peccatum, i, 2, n., sin, a crime. 
pectus, oris, 3, n., the breast. 
pecunia, ae, 1, f., money. 
pedes, itis, 3, m., a foot-soldier. 
pelagus, i, 2, n., the sea. 



pellis, is, 3, f., the skin, the hide 

of a beast. 
pello, pejiuli, pulsum, 3, J drive, 

drive away. 
pendens, tis, part., hanging, de- 
pending. 
pendeo, pependi, ere, 2, I hang, 

depend. 
penna, ae, 1, f., a feather, quill. 
per, prep., through, by means of. 
perambulo, avi, atum, 1, I walk, 

travel over. 
percontator, oris, 3, m., an asker, 

a busybody. 
percunctor, atus sum, ari, dep., I 

ask, inquire. 
perdo, idi, itum, 3, Hose, spend, 

destroy. 
perduco, xi, ctum, 3, I carry, 

bring, lead through. 
pereo, ivi, itum, 4, I perish. 
perfero, tuli, latum, irr., I carry, 

endure. 
Pergamus, i, 2, f. (in pi. Perga- 
ma, orum, 2, n.), Pergamus, 
Troy. 
periclum, or periculum, i, 2, n., 

danger, hazard. 
periculosus, a, um, dangerous. 
peritus, a, um, skilful, experienced. 
permisceo, cui, istum and ixtum, 

2, / mix, mingle, disorder. 
permistus, or permixtus, part., 

mixed, &c. 
permitto, isi, issum, 3, I allow, 

permit. 
permotus, a, um, part., greatly 

moved, affected. 
permoveo, ovi, otum, 2, I move 

greatly, affect. 
perpello, puli, pulsum, 3, I force, 

persuade. 
perpetuus, a, um, perpetual, ever- 



perrumpo, rupi, ruptum, 3, 1 break 
through by force. 

persequor, quutus sum, sequi, 
dep., I pursue, follow up, exe- 
cute, perform. 

persuadeo, asi, dere, 2, I per- 
suade. 



118 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



perterreo, rai, ritum, 2, I frighten. 

perterritus, a, um, part., fright- 
ened. 

perturbatus, a, um, part., dis- 
turbed, troubled. 

pes, pedis, 3, m., afoot. 

pestilentia, as, 1, f., pestilence. 

petitio, onis, 3, f., a petition, re- 
quest. 

peto, ivi, itum, 3, J ask, seek. 

Petreius, ii, 2, m., Petreius. 

pharetra, ae, 1, f., a quiver. 

Phocaei, orum, 2, m. and f., the 
Phocceans. 

piger, ra, rum, slow, sluggish, in- 
active. 

pigritia, 33, 1, f., slothfulness. 

pilum, i, 2, n., a javelin. 

pius, a, um, devout, religious, 
dutiful, good-natured. 

placeo, ui, itum, 2, I please. 

placidus, a, um, calm, mild, 
placid. 

plebs, is, 3, f., the common peo- 
ple. 

plenus, a, um, full. 

plerique, pleraeque, pleraque, adj. 
pi., the most, the greatest part. 

Plotius, ii, 2, m., Plotius. 

pluma, ae, 1, f., a feather. 

plurimus, a, um, very much, very 
many. 

plus, adv., more. 

poena, ae, 1, f., punishment. 

polliceor, itus sum, ceri, dep., 1 
promise. 

pollicitation onis, 3, f., a promise. 

pollicitus, a, um, part., having 
promised. 

Pompeius, ii, 2, m., Pompey. 

Pompilius, ii, 2, m., Pompilius. 

pondus, eris, 3, n., weight. 

ponendus, a, um, part., to be 
placed, rejected. 

pono, sui, situm, 3, I place, lay, 
lay aside. 

popularis, e, popular. 

popularis, is, 3, m. and f., an ac- 
complice. 

populus, i, 2, f., a poplar tree. 

populus, i, 2, m., the people. 



Porcius, ii, 2, m., Porcius. 

Porsena, or Porsenna, se, 1, m., 
Porsena. 

porta, 33, 1, f., a gate, door. 

portendo, di, ntum, 3, I portend, 
betoken. 

porto, avi, atum, 1, I carry. 

posco, poposci, cere, 3, I ask, 
demand. 

positus, a, um, part., placed. 

possideo, sedi, sessum, 2, / pos- 
sess. 

possum, potui, posse, irr., J am 
able. 

post, prep., after, behind. 

postea, adv., afterwards. 

posterus, a, um, the next. 

postquam, adv., after that, since. 

postremo, adv., finally, at last. 

postremus, a, um, the last. 

postulo, avi, atum, 1, J entreat, 
beseech. 

potens, tis, part., powerful, able. 

potentia, 33, 1, f., power. 

potior, itus sum, iri, dep., I possess, 
enjoy, get possession of. 

potior, oris, better, preferable. 

pra3, prep., before, in comparison 
of, exceedingly. 

praebeo, ui, ere, 2, I afford. 

pr33ceptum, i, 2, n, an order. 

praecinctus, a, um, girded, equip- 
ped. 

praecipio, cepi, ceptum, 3, / pre- 
vent, instruct, command. 

prasclarus, a, um, illustrious, very 
bright, famous. 

praeda, 33, 1, f., plunder. 

praelium, ii, 2, n., a battle. 

praemium, ii, 2, n., a reward. 

praescribo, psi, ptum, 3, I" pre- 
scribe,* order, appoint. 

praesens, tis, present, immtdiate. 

praesertim, adv., especially. 

praesidium, ii, 2, n., a safeguard, 
protection, a garrison. 

praesto, stiti, stitum and statum, 
1, I stand before, excel. 

praeter, prep., besides, over and 
above, except. 

praeterea, adv., besides. 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



119 



praetor, oris, 3, m., a prcetor, 

governor. 
praetorius, a, um, belonging to a 

general. 
pravus, a, um, wicked, depraved. 
precis, ci, cem, prece; pi., preces, 

precum, precious, 3, f., a 

prayer, entreaty. 
prehendo, di, nsum, 3, I grasp, 

seize. 
prendo, di, nsum, 3, I grasp, seize. 
prensus, a, um, part., grasped. 
pretium, ii, 2, n., price, reward. 
Priamus, i, 2, m., Priam. 
primum, adv., in the first place, 

especially. 
primus, a, um, the first, especial. 
princeps, ipis, chief. 
princeps, ipis, 3, m., a chief. 
principium, ii, 2, n., a beginning. 
prior, us, oris, former, better. 
pristinus, a, um, ancient, former. 
prius, adv., before, sooner. 
priusquam, adv., before that. 
privatim, adv., privately. 
privus, a, um, particular, what is 

one's own. 
pro, prep., for, on account of. 
probe, adv., well. 
procedo, ssi, ssum, 3, I proceed, 

advance. 
proclivis, e, down hill, steep, in- 
clined to. 
procul, adv., far, far off. 
prodigium, ii, 2, n., a prodigy, 

wonder. 
prodigus, a, um, lavish, prodigal. 
prodo, didi, ditum, 3, I betray, 

deliver. 
produco, xi, ctum, 3, I produce, 

bring, draw, lead. 
profaris (no 1st person), fatur, 

fari, dep., thou speakest. 
proficiscor, fectus sum, cisci, dep., 

I go, depart. 
profugio, ugi, gitum, 3, / fiee, 

escape. 
piognatus, a, um, part., born, be- 
gotten. 
prohibeo, ui, itum, 2, I prohibit, 

hinder. 



proles, is, 3, f., offspring. 
promitto, isi, issum, 3, I promise. 
pronus, a, um, prone, inclined to. 
prope, prep., near to. 
propere, adv., speedily. 
propinquus, a, um, near to, neigh- 
bouring, related to. 
propior, us, oris, nearer. 
propositum, i, 2, n., a purpose, 

design. 
proprius, a,um, proper, fit, peculiar 

to an individual. 
propter, prep., for, on account of. 
propugno, avi, atum, 1, I fight. 
prorepo, epsi, eptum, 3, I creep 

along. 
prosequor, cutus sum, qui, dep., 

I pursue, worship 
prosilio, lui and livi, sultum, 4, 1 

hap. 
prospere, adv., prosperously . 
prospicio, exi, ectum, 3, I foresee, 

behold. 
prosterno, stravi, stratum, 3, I 

overthrow, strew. 
protervus, a, um, saucy, wanton. 
protinus, or protenus, adv., imme- 
diately, forthwith. 
provideo, idi, isum, 2, I foresee, 

provide. 
provincia, as, 1, f., a province, 

office. 
proximus, a, um, nearest, next. 
prudens, tis, prudent, skilful. 
prudentia, ae, 1, f., prudence. 
ptisanarium, ii, 2, n., rice-milk. 
pubes, is, 3, f., the middle, the 

waist, youth. 
publice, adv., publicly, at the public 

expense. 
publicus, a, um, public, common. 
Publius, ii, 2, m., Publius. 
pudor, oris, 3, m., bashfulness, 

modesty, shame. 
puer, ri, 2, m., a boy, child. 
pugna, ae, 1, f., a fight, battle. 
pugno, avi, atum, 1, I fight. 
pulcher, ra, rum, fair, beautiful, 

honourable. 
pulmentarium, ii, 2, n., pottage, 

gruel, delicacies. 



120 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



pulso, avi, atum, 1, I beat, knock 
at. 

Punicus, a, um, Punic, Cartha- 
ginian. 

purgo, avi, atum, 1, I purge, 
cleanse, excuse, expiate. 

purpura, ae, 1 , f., purple. 

purpureus, a, um, purple. 

parus, a, um, pure, clean. 

puto, avi, atum, 1 , / think. 

Pygmalion, onis, 3, m., Pygmalion. 

Pyrrhus, i, 2, m., Pyrrhus. 



Q. 



Qua, adv., where, by which means. 
quaero, aesivi, aesitum, 3, I ask, 

seek, look for. 
quaesitus, a, um, part., sought 

for. 
quaeso, verb def., I beseech, pray. 
quaestio, onis, 3, f., a question, 

debate, inquiry. 
qualis, e, such, of what manner. 
quam, adv., how, than. 
quamvis, conj., although. 
quando, adv., when, since. 
quandoque, adv., one time or other, 

whensoever. 
quanquam, or quamquam, conj., 

although. 
quanto, adv., by how much. 
quantum, adv., as much as. 
quantus, a, um, how great, how 

many. 
quapropter, adv., wherefore, why? 
quare, adv., wherefore, why? 
quasi, adv., as if, as it were. 
quassatus, a, um, part., shaken. 
quatio, assi, assum, 3, I shake. 
que, conj., and, both. 
queo, ivi, itum, 4, I am able, I 

can. 
querela, ae, 1, f., a complaint. 
queror, questus sum, queri, dep., 

I compkin. 
qui, quEe, quod, pron., which, that, 

what, who. 
quia, conj., because. 
quicunque, quaecunque, quod* 



cunque, pron., whosoever, whaU 
soever. 
quid, neut., used as a noun, 

what ? 
quidam, quaedam, quoddam and 
quiddam, pron., one, some one, 
such a one. 

quidem, adv., indeed. 

quies, etis, 3, f., rest, ease. 

quiesco, evi, etum, 3, / rest. 

quietus, a, um, quiet, calm. 

quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet, pron., 
any one, as much as you like. 

Quinctilius, ii, 2, m., Quinctilius, 

quinquaginta, indecl., fifty. 

quintus, a, um, the fifth. 

Quirinus, i, 2, m., Romulus. 

Quiris, itis, 3, m. or f., a Roman. 

quis, quae, quid or quod, pron , 
who ? which ? what kind ? 

quisquam, quaequam, quidquam 
or quicquam, pron., any one, 
any thing. 

quisque, quaeque, quodque, pron., 
every man, every thing, what- 
soever. 

quisquis, m. and f., pron., whoso- 
ever, whoever. 

quivis, quaevis, quidvis or quodvis, 
pron., whosoever, any one. 

quo, adv., whither? on which ac- 
count, wherefore. 

quocirca, conj., wherefore. 

quocunque, adv., whithersoever. 

quod, conj., that, because. 

quondam, adv., in time past, for- 
merly, sometimes. 

quoniam, conj., since, because. 

quoque, conj., also. 

quot, indecl., how many ? so many 
as. 

quctidianus, a, um, daily, common. 

quum, conj., since, whereas. 



R. 



Rana, ae, 1, f., a frog. 
rapax, acis, rapacious, ravenous. 
rapio, ui, ptum, 3, I snatch, take 
by force. 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



121 



ratio, on is, 3, f., reason, cause, 

means. 
ratis, is, 3, f., a ship. 
ratus, a, um, part., supposing, 

thinking'. 
recalcitro, avi, atum, 1, I kick. 
recedo, ssi, ssam, 3, I recede, with- 
draw, depart. 
recens, tis, fresh, late. 
recipio, cepi, ceptum, 3, I receive, 

take back, recover. 
recito, avi, atum, 1, 1 recite, repeat, 

read over. 
reconcilio, avi, atum, 1, 1 reconcile, 

recover. 
recte, adv., rightly, properly. 
rectum, i, 2, n., a right line, right, 

virtue. 
rectus, a, um, straight, upright. 
reddo, didi, ditum, 3, I restore, 

give back, afford. 
redeo, ivi, itum, 4, J return. 
reditus, us, 4, m., a return. 
reduco, xi, ctum, 3, I bring back, 

restore. 
refero, tuli, latum, irreg., I bring, 

turn back, wage. 
ref'ugio, ugi, itum, 3, 1 flee, escape, 

avoid. 
refulgeo, lsi, ere, 2, I shine, smile 

upon. 
regio, onis, 3, f., a region, tract, 

country. 
regius, a, um, regal, royal. 
regnum, i, 2, n., a kingdom, a 

reign. 
rego, xi, ctum, 3, I" rule. 
regredior, essus sum, edi, dep., I 

go back, return. 
regressus, a, um, returned, having 

returned. 
regressus, us, 4, m., a re- 
turn. 
relictus, a, um, part., left. 
religio, onis, 3, f., religion. 
religo, avi, atum, 1, J bind. . 
relinquo, iqui, ictum, 3, J leave, 

forsake, give up. 
reliquus, a, um, what is left, the 

remainder. 
remedium, ii, 2, n., a remedy. 



reor, ratus sum, reri, dep., I think, 
suppose. 

repello, puli, pulsum, 3, 1 repel, 
reject, throw back. 

repente, adv., suddenly. 

reperio, eri, ertum, 4, I find, dis- 
cover. 

repeto, tivi or ii, titum, 3, I ask, 
seek, demand. 

repulsa, se, 1, f., a repulse, rejec- 
tion. 

requiro, isivi, isitum, 3, / ask, 
seek, search into. 

res, ei, 5, f., a thing, matter, con- 
cern. 

resisto, stiti, stitum, 3, / resist, 
halt. 

respicio, exi, ectum, 3, J look back 
on, regard. 

respondeo, ndi, nsum, 2, I answer. 

respublica, reipublicae, 1 and 5, f., 
the state, commonwealth. 

resto, stiti, stitum, 1, / stay, re- 
main, stand forth. 

retinaculum, i, 2, n., a string, 
cable, halter. 

retineo, nui, entum, 2, / hold, keep 
back, restrain. 

revertor, rsus sum, rti, dep., I re- 
turn. 

revoco, avi, atum, 1, I call back, 
revoke. 

rex, egis, 3, m., a king. 

rhetor, oris, 3, m., a rhetorician. 

ritus, us, 4, m., a rite, ceremony. 

robustus, a, um, robust, strong. 

rodo, osi, osum, 3, / gnaw, wear 
away. 

rogatio, onis, 3, f., a question, re- 



rogo, avi, atum, ] , I ask, desire. 
rogus, i, 2, m., a funeral pile. 
Roma, se, 1, f., Rome. 
Romanus, a, um, Roman. 
Romanus, i, 2, m., a Roman. 
Romulus, i, 2, m., Romulus. 
Romulus, a, um, Roman. 
ruens, tis, part., rushing, falling 

to decay. 
Rufus, i, 2, m., Rufus. 
ruga, ee, 1, f., a wrinkle, 

G 



122 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS, 



ruina, se, 1, f., ruin, destruction. 
ruo, ui, itum and utum, 3, / rush, 

fall down. 
rursus, adv., again. 
Rutilius, ii, 2, m., Rutilius. 
Rutuli, orum, 2, m. and f., the 

Rutuli. 



S. 



Sabini, orum, 2, m. and f., the 

Sabines. 

Sabinus, a, um, Sabine. 

saccus, i, 2, m., a sack, bag. 

sacer, era, cram, sacred, devoted, 
cursed. 

sacrum, i, 2, n., a sacrifice. 

ssepe, adv., often. 

ssepenumero, adv., oftentimes, 
many a time. 

ssevitia, se, 1, f., cruelty, harsh- 
ness. 

ssevus, a, um, cruel. 

sagitta, se, 1, f., an arrow. 

sal, is, 3, m., salt, the sea. 

salignus, a, um, of willow. 

saltus, us, 4, m., a forest, grove. 

saluber, bris, e, healthy, whole- 
some. 

salus, utis, 3, f., health, safety. 

sanctus, a, um, holy, pious. 

sanguis, inis, 3, m., blood. 

sanus, a, um, sane, healthful. 

sapiens, tis, 3, m. and f., a wise 
person. 

sapiens, tis, wise. 

Sardanapalus, i, 2, m., Sardana- 
palus. 

satelles, itis, 3, m., a body-guard. 

satira, se, 1, f., a satire. 

satis, adv., enough. 

Satureianus, a, um, Satureian. 

saucius, a, um, wounded. 

scando, di, nsum, 3, I climb, as- 
cend. 

scelus, eris, 3, n., wickedness. 

sceptrum. i, 2, n., a sceptre. 

scientia, se, 1, f., science, skill, 
knowledge. 

scindo, scidi, issum, 3, I ait, 
cleave, rend. 



scio, ivi, itum, 4, I know. 

Scipiadas, se, I, m., Scipio. 

Scipio, onis, 3, m., Scipio. 

scopulus, i, 2, m., a rock. 

scribo, ipsi, iptum, 3, I write, 
compose a book. 

sculpo, psi, ptum, 3, 1 carve, en- 
grave. 

scurra, se, 1, m., a scoffer, a 
buffoon. 

Scythes, is, 3, m. or f., a Scythian. 

secerno, crevi, cretum, 3, / sepa- 
rate, distinguish. 

seco, cui, ctum and catum, 1, 2" 
cut. 

secundus, a, um, second, prosper- 
ous, propitious. 

sed, conj., but. 

sedes, is, 3, f., a seat. 

sedile, is, 3, n., a seat. 

semel, adv., once. 

semita, se, 1, f., a footpath, path. 

semper, adv., always. 

Sempronia, se, 1, f., Sempronia. 

senator, oris, 3, m., a senator. 

senatus, us, 4, m., the senate. 

senectus, utis, 3, f., old age. 

sen ex, is, old. 

senex, is, 3, m. and f., an old 
person. 

senilis, e, belonging to old age. 

sententia, se, 1, f., a sentence, 
opinion, decree, purpose. 

sentio, nsi, nsum, 4, 1 am sensible 
of, I think, feel. 

septem, indecl., seven. 

sequor, cutus sum, sequi, dep., I 
follow. 

sermo, onis, 3, m., speech, a dis- 
course, language. 

serva, se, 1, f., a female slave. 

servio, ivi, itum, 4, J serve as a 
slave. 

servo, avi, atum, 1, J keep, pre- 
serve. 

servus, i, 2, m., a slave, a servant. 

seu, conj., either, or. 

severitas, tatis, 3, f., severity, 
sharpness. 

si, conj., if, since. 

Sibylla, se, 1, f., the Sibyl. 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



123 



sic, adv., so, this. 

siccus, a, um, dry, sober, fasting. 

Siculi, orum, 2, m. and f., the 

Sicilians. 
Siculus, a, um, Sicilian. 
sicuti, adv., just as if. 
Sidonius, a, um, Sidonian. 
sidus, eris, 3, n., a star. 
signum, i, 2, n., a sign, token. 
silentium, ii, 2, n., silence. 
silva, £6, 1, f., a wood. 
simia, se, 1, f., an ape. 
similis, e, like, similar. 
simul, adv., together, at the same 

time. 
sin, but if, if not. 
sine, prep., without. 
singultim, adv., with sobs. 
sino, sivi, situm, 3, I suffer. 
sive, conj., whether, if, or if. 
socia, se, 1, f., a companion, a 

female partner. 
societas, tatis, 3, f., society, com- 
pany. 
socius, a, um, social, belonging to 

allies. 
socius, ii, 2, m., an ally, con- 
federate. 
sol, lis, 3, m., the sun. 
solemnis, or solennis, e, solemn, 

annual, usual. 
soleo, ui and solitus sum, ere, J 

am accustomed. 
solidus, a, um, solid, the whole. 
sollicito, or solicito, avi, atum, 1, 
I solicit, importune, urge, 
press. 
solum, i, 2, n., the soil, ground, a 

floor. 
solus, a, um, alone, only. 
solvo, vi, lutum, 3, I loosen, dis- 
engage. 
somnus, i, 2, m., sleep. 
sonans, tis, part., sounding, re- 
sounding. 
sono, nui, itum, 1, I sound, re- 
sound. 
sopor, oris, 3, m., sleep. 
soror, oris, 3, f., a sister. 
sors, tis, 3, f., a lot, chance, for- 
tune. 



sortior, titus sum, iri, dep., I cast, 

draw lots for, share. 
Spartacus, i, 2, m., Spartacus. 
spatium, ii, 2, n., space, extent. 
spelunca, se, 1, f , a cave. 
sperno, previ, pretum, 3, J despise. 
spero, avi, atum, 1 , / hope. 
spes, ei, 5, f., hope, expectation. 
spiritus, us, 4, m., spirit, breath, 

the mind, the soul. 
spiro, avi, atum, 1, J breathe. 
spolio, avi, atum, ] , 1 spoil, rob. 
spolium, ii, 2, n , spoil. 
sponsus, i, 2, m., a bridegroom. 
stabilis, e,Jirm, durable. 
statim, adv., still. 
statuo, ui, utum, 3, I set, place, 

appoint. 
status, us, 4, m., a state, condition, 

position. 
sterto, tui, tere, 3, I snore. 
Stoici, orum, 2, m., the Stoics. 
stoicus, a, um, stoical. 
stomachus, i, 2, m., the stomach. 
stratus, a, um, part., spread, laid 

down, prostrate. 
strenuus, a, um, active, bold, re- 
solute. 
strepitus, us, 4, m., a noise, sound. 
stulte, adv., foolishly. 
stultus, a, um, foolish. 
suavis, e, sweet, pleasant. 
suaviter, adv., sweetly, agreeably. 
sub, prep., under, up to. 
subeo, ivi, itum, irr., I go under, 

undertake. 
subigo, egi, actum, I bring under, 

subdue, compel. 
subvenio, vem, ventum, 4, I help, 

relieve, succour. 
subverto, ti, sum, 3, I subvert, 

turn upside down. 
subvolvo, volutum, ere, 3, I roll 

up. 
succedo, essi, essum, 3, J succeed, 

approach to. 
succurro, ri, rsum, 3, / succour, 

help. 
sudo, avi, atum, 1, 1 perspire. 
sui, pron , sing, and pi., he, she, 
itself, they. 



1*24 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



sulcus, i, 2, m., a furrow, trench. 

sum, fui, esse, 1 am. 

eummus, a, um, highest, greatest. 

sumo, mpsi, ptum, 3, I take. 

super, prep., upon, beyond, above. 

superatus, a, um, part., overcome. 

superbia, se, 1, f., pride, insolence, 
arrogance. 

superne, adv., from above. 

supero, avi, atum, 1, J conquer, 
surmount. 

superstitio, onis, 3, f.. supersti- 
tion. 

superstito, avi, atum, 1, I survive. 

superus, a, um, above, upper. 

supplex, icis, suppliant, humble. 

supplicium, ii, 2, n., supplication, 
prayer, punishment. 

supra, prep., above, beyond. 

surgo, rrexi, rrectum, 3, I rise. 

suscipio, cepi, ceptum, 3, I take, 
raise, receive. 

sustineo, nui, ntum, 2, I hold up, 
sustain, support. 

suus, a, um, his, hers, its. 

sylva, or silva, se, 1, f., a wood. 

Syphax, acis, 3, m M Syphax. 

syrtis, is, 3, f., a whirlpool. 



T. 



taberna, 83, 1, f., a shop, tavern. 
Tabraca, 33, 1, f., a place in 

Africa. 
tacitus, a, um, silent. 
Tagus, i, 2, m., the Tagus. 
talis, e, such. 
tam, adv., so, so much. 
tamen, conj., yet, notwithstanding . 
tandem, adv., at length. 
tantum, adv., so much. 
tantummodo, adv., only. 
tantus, a, um, so much, so great. 
tardus, a, um, slow. 
Tarentum, i, 2, n., Tarentum. 
Taurus, i, 2, m., Mount Taurus, a 

bull. 
tectum, i, 2, n., a roof, a house, a 

covering. 
tego, xi, ctum, 3, 1 cover, protect. 



tegula, se, 1, f., a tile. 
tellus, uris, 3, f., the earth. 
telum, i, 2, n , a weapon, dart. 
temere, adv., rashly, at random. 
tempestas, tatis, 3, f., a tempest, 

time, storm. 
tempus, oris, 3, n., time, oppor- 
tunity. 
tenax, acis, tenacious, holding 

fast. 
ten do, tetendi, nsum and ntum, 

3, 1 stretch, hold,, extend. 
teneo, ui, ntum, 2, I hold, keep, 

keep back. 
tener, era, erum, tender. 
tentandus, a, um, part., to be 

tried, attempted. 
tento, avi, atum, 1, I try, attempt. 
tenuis, e, small, thin, slender, 
ter, adv., thrice, three times. 
tero, trivi, tritum, 3, / rub, bruise, 

waste, spend. 
terra, ae, 1, f., the earth. 
terreo, ui, itum, 2, I frighten, 

affright. 
ternbilis, e, terrible, dreadful. 
terror, oris, 3, m., terror, dread. 
testa, ae, 1, f., an earthen pot, jar. 
testamentum, i, 2, n., a testament, 

a will. 
testimonium, ii, 2, n., testimony, 

a proof. 
testis, is, 3, m. and f., a witness. 
testor, atus sum, ari, dep., I bear 

witness. 
teter, ra, rum, horrible, foul, hide- 
ous. 
Teucri, orum, 2, m. and f., the 

Trojans. 
thalamus, i, 2, m. s a bedchamber, 

marriage. 
Thrace, es, f. (Greek declension), 

Thrace. 
timeo, ui, ere, 2, I fear. 
timidus, a, um, fearful, anxious. 
timor, oris, 3, m.,fear. 
Tithonius, ii, 2, m., Tithonius. 
tolero, avi, atum, 1, I support, 

tolerate, endure. 
tollo, sustuli, sublatum, 3, 1 take, 

lift up. 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



125 



tot, indecl., so many. 
totus, a, um, the whole. 
tractabilis, e, tractable, gentle. 
trado, didi, ditum, 3, I deliver, 

hand over. 
tranquillus, a, um, tranquil, quiet. 
trans, prep., beyond, over. 
trans no, avi, atum, 1, I swim 

over. 
Trebatius, ii, 2, m., Trebatius. 
trecenti, se, a, three hundred. 
tremens, tis, trembling. 
tremo, ui, ere, / tremble. 
trepidus, a, um, trembling. 
tres, ia, three. 

tribunus, i, 2, m., a tribune. 
trigemini, se, a, three born at one 

birth. 
tristis, e, sad, gloomy. 
triumvir, i, 2, m., a triumvir, one 

of three in office. 
Troja, se, 1, f., Troy. 
tu, tui, pron., thou. 
Tullianum, i, 2, n., the name of a 

prison in Rome. 
Tullus, i, 2, m., Tullus. 
turn, adv., then. 
turn, conj., both, as well as. 
tumidus, a, um, swollen, proud, 

haughty. 
tumultus, us, 4, m., a tumult, dis- 
turbance. 
tunc, adv., then. 
turbidus, a, um, turbid, muddy, 

troublesome. 
turdus, i, 2, m., a thrush. 
turma, se, 1, f., a troop of horse, a 

company. 
turpis, e, base. 
turris, is, 3, f., a tower. 
tutus, a, um, safe. 
tuus, a, um, pron., thy, thine. 
tyrannus, i, 2, m , a tyrant. 
Tyrius, a, um, Tyrian. 
Tyrus, i, 2, f., Tyre. 



U. 



ubi, adv., where, when. 
ullus, a, um, any. 



ulterior, us, farther. 
ultimus, a, um, last, utmost, far- 
thest. 
ultra, prep., beyond. 
ultrix, icis, avenging. 
umbra, se, 1, f., a shade, shadow. 
Umbrenus, i, 2, m., Umbrenus. 
umbrifer, a, um, casting a shadow. 
una, adv., together with. 
unctus, a, um, part., anointed. 
unda, se, 1, f., a wave, water. 
unde, adv., from whence. 
undique, adv., on every side. 
undo, avi, atum, 1, / rise in waves, 

boil over. 
ungo, or unguo, nxi, nctum, 3, I 

anoint. 
ungula, se, 1 , f., a nail, hoof. 
unicus, a, um, one alone, single, 

only, excellent. 
unquam, adv., ever. 
unus, a, um, one. 
urbs, bis, 3, f., a city. 
urgeo, or urgueo, rsi, rsum, 2, I 

urge. 
usquam, adv., any where. 
usque, adv., always, continually. 
usus, us, 4, m., use, practice, ex- 
perience. 
ut, adv. and conj., that, as, 

when. 
uter, tra, trum, which, whether of 

the two. 
uti, adv., that, in order that. 
utilis, e, useful. 
utinam, adv., or interj., that ! 

I wish. 
utor, usus sum, uti, dep., I use, 

enjoy. 
utrinque, adv., on both sides. 
uvidus, a, um, moist, in cups. 
uxor, oris, 3, f., a wife. 



V. 

vaco, avi, are, 1, I am empty, void, 

want. 
vacuus, a, um, empty, vain. 
vado, si, sum, 3, J go, march, 

move. 



126 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



valeo, ui, litum, 2, I am well, in 
good health, am strong. 

Valerius, ii, 2, m., Valerius. 

vallis, is, 3, f., a valley. 

vanus, a, urn, vain, empty. 

varie, adv., variously, in different 
ways, at several times. 

varius, a, um, various, several. 

Varius. ii, 2, m., Varius. 

vas, adis, 3, m., a surety, bail. 

vas, vasis, 3, n., a vessel. 

vasto, avi, atum, 1, I lay waste, 
spoil. 

ve, conj., or, either. 

vecto, avi, atum, 1, I carry. 

veho, xi, ctum, 3, I bear, carry. 

vel, conj., or, even. 

velum, i, 2, n., a veil, cover- 
ing. 

velut, adv., as, even as, as if. 

vena, se, 1, f., a vein, natural 
humour. 

venalis, e, to be sold, venal. 

venia, se, 1, f., pardon. 

venio, i, ntum, 4 , I come. 

venter, tris, 3, m., the belly, sto- 
mach. 

ventus, i, 2, m., the wind. 

Venus, eris, 3, f., Venus, beauty. 

ver, ris, 3, n., the spring. 

verbero, avi, atum, 1, J beat, whip, 
scourge. 

verbum, i, 2, n., a word. 

vereor, ritus sum, eri, dep., I 
fear, stand in awe. 

Veritas, tatis, 3, f, truth. 

veritus, a, um, fearing. 

vero, adv. and conj., truly, but. 

versor, atus sum, ari, dep., I am 
turned, conversant with. 

versus, a, um, part., turned. 

versus, us, 4, m., a verse, turn- 
ing. 

versus, prep., toward. 

verto, ti, rsum, 3, I turn. 

verum, i, 2, n., truth. 

verum, conj., but. 

verus, a, um, true. 

vester, tra, trum, pron , your. 

vestibulum, i, 2, n., a porch, en- 
try. 



vestras, atis, pron., of your coun- 
try. 

vetulus, a, um, oldish, stale. 

vetulus, i, 2, m,, an old man. 

vetus, eris, old. 

via, as, 1, f., a way. 

viator, oris, 3, m. and f., a travel- 
ler. 

vicissitudo, inis, 3, f., vicissitude, 
a change. 

victor, oris, 3, m., a conqueror. 

victoria, se, 1, f., victory. 

video, idi, isum, 2, 1 see. 

videor, visus sum, videri, dep., I 
seem. 

viduus, a, um, deprived of, be- 
reaved. 

vigilo, are, 1, I watch. 

vilis, e, cheap, vile. 

vinclum, or vinculum, i, 2, n., a 
chain, tie. 

vinosus, a, um, like wine, drunken. 

vinum, i, 2, n., wine. 

violens, tis, violent, vehement. 

violentia, 33, 1, f., violence. 

vir, ri, 2, m., a man, husband. 

Virgilius, ii, 2, m., Virgil. 

virgo, inis, 3, f., a virgin. 

virtus, utis, 3, f., virtue. 

vis, vim, vi ; pi. vires, virium, 
viribus, 3, f., violence, force, 
authority. 

viscera, um, 3, n., the bowels, en- 
trails. 

viso, isi, isum, 3, I go to see, 
visit. 

visus, a, um, part., seen. 

visus, us, 4, m , the sight, vision. 

vita, 93, 1, f., life. 

vitiosus, a, um, vicious, wicked, 
depraved. 

vitis, is, 3, f., a vine. 

vitium, ii, 2, n., vice. 

vivo, ixi, ictum, 3, / live. 

vivus, a^ um, living, alive. 

vix, adv., scarcely. 

volito, avi, atum, 1, I fly about. 

volo, ui, velle, irreg., I wish. 

volo, avi, atum, 1, I fly- 

voluntas, tatis, 3, f., the will, wish, 
pleasure. 



DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 



127 



volvo, vi, lutum, 3, I roll, turn 
over, revolve. 

voluptas, tatis, 3, f., delight, sen- 
suality. 

votum, i, 2, n., a wish, vow. 

vox, vocis, 3, f., a voice. 

vulgus, i, 2, n., the vulgar people. 

vulnus, eris, 3, n., a wound. 



vultus, us, 4, m., the counte- 
nance. 



Zephyrus, i, 2, m., the west wind. 



THE END. 



GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, FRINTERS, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE, LONDON. 



Moxk 

PUBLISHED BY MR. WEALE. 



USEFUL TO EXPERIMENTERS AND LECTURERS: 



A SYSTEM OF APPARATUS 



USE OF LECTURERS AND EXPERIMENTERS 



MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY. 



BY THE REV. ROBERT WILLIS, F.R.S., 

Jacksonian Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy in the 
University of Cambridge. 



For Contents of Work see other side. 



WITH THEEE PLATES, CONTAINING FIFTY-ONE FIGURES. 



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WORKS PUBLISHED BY MR WEALE. 



CONTENTS. 



ARTICLE 

1. Introductory Remarks. 

CHAP. I.— WHEELS AND STUD- 
SOCKETS. 

2. System consists of certain 

definite parts. 

3. Toothed-wheels and other re- 

volving pieces. 

4. Key-grooves. 

5. Stud-sockets and Collars (figs. 

8, 10, 12). 

Note.— Double Socket (fig. 

9). 

6. Stud-sockets of peculiar form 

(fig. 18). 

7. Stud-sockets of peculiar form 

(fig. 11). 

CHAP. II.— FRAME-WORK PIECES. 

8. Frame-work. 

9. Advantages of Studs. 

10. Brackets (figs. 1 to 6). 

11. Coach-bolts. 

Note.— Clamps (fig. 7). 

12. Slit Tables (fig. 16). 

13. Sole-blocks (fig. 17). 

14. Beds (fig. 20). 

15. Rectangles (fig. 19). 

16. Examples of Frames. Base- 

board (fig. 18). 

17. Stools (figs. 23 to 26). 

18. Posts. 

19. Loops (fig. 22). 

20. Positions of the Studs and 

Brackets. 

21. Guide-pulleys. 

22. Tripod-stretcher. 

CHAP. III.— SHAFTS AND TUBE- 
FITTINGS. 

23. Mounting of Shafts. 

24. Shafts in carriages (figs. 35, 

36, 37). 

25. Shafts in Tube-fittings (figs. 

29, 39). 

26. Shaft-rings. 



ARTICLE 

27. Shafts between centre-screws. 

28. Adapters (fig. 33). 

29. Pinned Shaft-rings (fig. 30). 

30. Flanch (fig. 32). 

31. Lever Arm or Handle (fig. 34.) 

32. Sets of pieces in definite sizes. 

Note on Bolts. 

33. Short Shafts in single bearings. 

34. Example — Link-work (fig. 40). 

35. Other Mountings of short Shafts 

(fig. 21). 

36. Many independent pieces on 

a common axis. 

37. Example — Ferguson's Para- 

dox (fig. 41). 

38. Remarks. 

39. Recapitulations. 

Note on Professor Farish's 
method. 



CHAP. IV,— APPLICATIONS OF 
THE SYSTEM. 

40. System applied to four pur- 

poses (as follows) : 

41. 1st, Elementary Combinations. 

Example — 

42. Roemer's Wheels (fig. 42). 

43. 2nd, Models of Machines. 

Examples — 

44. Repeating Clock (figs. 43, 44). 

45. Parallel Motion Curves (fig. 

45). 

46. Equatorial Clock (figs. 4 7 to 50). 

47. Friction Machine (fig. 46). 

48. Models in which the general 

principles of the system are 
applicable. 

49. Looms. 

50. Rope-making Machinery. 

51. Organ. 

52. 3rd, Fitting up of Apparatus 

for Mechanical Philosophy 
(figs. 31, 27, 28). 

53. Use of Paste-board. 

54. Shears (fig. 51). 

55. 4th, Trial of original contri- 

vances. 



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CONSTANT USE AND EEFEEENCE OF 

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SURVEYORS, SOLICITORS, 
AUCTIONEERS, LAND AGENTS, AND STEWARDS, 

IN ALL THEIR SEVERAL AND VARIED PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS,* 
AND FOR THE 

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ENGAGED IN THE 

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CONTAINING 

THEOREMS, FORMUL/E, RULES, AND TABLES 

JN GEOMETRY, MENSURATION, AND TRIGONOMETRY J LAND MEASURING, SURVEYING, 
AND LEVELLING; RAILWAY AND HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING J TIMBER MEASUR- 
ING; THE VALUATION OF ARTIFICERS' WORK, ESTATES, LEASEHOLDS, L1FEHOLDS, 
ANNUITIES, TILLAGES, FARMING STOCK, AND TENANT RIGHT ; THE ASSESSMENT 
OF PARISHES, RAILWAYS, GAS AND WATER WORKS; THE LAW OF DILAPIDA- 
TIONS AND NUISANCES, APPRAISEMENTS AND AUCTIONS, LANDLORD AND 
TENANT, AGREEMENTS AND LEASES. ' 

TOGETHER WITH EXAMPLES OF VILLAS AND COUNTRY HOUSES. 

BY EDWARD RYDE, 

Civil Engineer and Land Surveyor, Author of several Professional "Works. 

TO WHICH ARE ADDED SEVERAL CHAPTERS ON 

AGRICULTURE AND LANDED PROPERTY. 

BY PROFESSOR DONALDSON,' 

Author of several Works on Agriculture. 



WORKS PUBLISHED BY MR. WEALE. 



CONTENTS 

Chapter I. — Arithmetic. 1. Notation — 2. Proof of the First Four 
Rules — 3. Vulgar Fractions — 4. Decimals — 5. Duodecimals — 6. Powers 
and Roots — 7. Properties of Numbers — 8. Logarithms and Mathe- 
matical Tables. 

IL— Plane and Solid Geometry. 1. Definitions— 2. Of Angles 
and Right Lines, and their Rectangles — 3. Of Triangles — 4. Of Quad- 
rilaterals and Polygons — 5. Of the Circle, and Inscribed and Circum- 
scribing Figures — 6. Of Planes and Solids — 7. Practical Geometry. 

III. — Mensuration. 1. Compai-ison of English and French Weights 
and Measures — 2. Mensuration of Superficies — 3. Mensuration of Solids. 

IV. — Trigonometry. 1. Definitions and Trigonometrical Formulas — 
2. General Propositions — 3. Solution of the Cases of Plane Triangles. 

V. — Conic Sections. 

VI. — Land Measuring. Including Table of Decimals of an Acre — 
Table of Land Measure, by dimensions taken in yards. 

VII. — Land Surveying. 1. Parish and Estate Surveying — 2. Trigo- 
nometrical Surveying — 3. Traverse Surveying — 4. Field Instruments, 
the Prismatic Compass; the Box Sextant ; the Theodolite. 

VIII. — Levelling. Levelling Instruments, the Spirit Level ; the Y 
Level; Troughton's Level; Mr. Gravatt's Level; Levelling Staves — 
Examples in Levelling. 

IX. — Plotting. Embracing the Circular Protractor — The T Square 
and Semicircular Protractor — Plotting Sections. 

X. — Computation of Areas. The Pediometer — The Computing 
Scale — Computing Tables. 

XL — Copying Maps. Including a description of the Pentagraph. 

XII. — Railway Surveying. 1. Exploi-ation and Trial Levels; 
Standing Orders. — 2. Proceedings subsequent to the Passing of the Act; 
Tables for Setting out Curves ; Tables for Setting out Slopes ; Tables of 
Relative Gradients ; Specification of Works to be executed in the con- 
struction of a Railway ; Form of Tender. 

XIII. — Colonial Surveying. 

XIV. — Hydraulics in connection with Drainage, Sewerage, 
and Water Supply. — With Synopsis of Ryde's Hydraulic Tables — 
Specifications, Iron Pipes and Castings ; Stone-Ware Drain Pipes ; Pipe 
Laying; Reservoir. 

XV. — Timber Measuring. Including Timber Tables, Solid Measure, 
Unequal Sided Timber ; Superficial Measure. 

XVI. — Artificers' Work. 1. Bricklayers' and Excavators' — 2. 
Slaters' — 3. Carpenters' and Joiners'— 4. Sawyers' — 5. Stonemasons' — 
6. Plasterers' — 7. Ironmongers' — 8. Painters' — 9. Glaziers' — 10. Paper 
Hangers'. 

XVII. — Valuation of Estates. With Tables for the Purchasing of 
Freehold, Copyhold, or Leasehold Estates, Annuities, and Advowsons, 
and for Renewing Leases for Terms of Years certain and for Lives. 

XVIII. — Valuation of Tillages and Tenant Right. With 
Tables for Measuring and Valuing Hay Ricks. 



WORKS PUBLISHED BY MR. WEALE. 



CONTENTS (continued):— 

XIX. — Valuation of Parishes. 

XX. — Builders' Prices. 1. Carpenters' and Joiners' — 2. Masons' — • 
3. Bricklayers' — 4. Plasterers' — 5. Ironmongers' — 6. Drainers' — 7. 
Plumbers'— 8. Painters' — 9. Paper Hangers' and Decorators' — 10. 
Glaziers' — 11. Zinc Workers' — 12. Coppersmiths' — 13. Wireworkers'. 

XXI. — Ditapidations and Nuisances. 1. General Definitions — 2. 
Dilapidations by Tenants for Life and Years — 3. Ditto by Mortgagee or 
Mortgagor — 4. Ditto of Party Walls and Fences — 5. Ditto of Highways 
and Bridges— 6. Nuisances. 

XXII. — The Law relating to Appraisers and Auctioneers. 1. 
The Law relating to Appraisements — 2. The Law of Auction. 

XXIII.— Landloud and Tenant. 1. Agreements and Leases — 2. 
Notice to Quit — 3. Distress — 4. Recovery of Possession. 

XXIV. — Tables. Of Natural Sines and Cosines — For Reducing 
Links into Feet— Decimals of a Pound Sterling. 

XXV. — Stamp Laws. — Stamp Duties — Customs' Duties. 



EXAMPLES OF VILLAS AND COUNTRY HOUSES. 



ON LANDED PKOPERTY, By Pkofessor Donaldson. 



I. — Landlord and Tenant — their Position and Connections. 

II. — Lease of Laud, Conditions, and Restrictions; Choice of Tenant 
and Assignation of the Deed. 

III. — Cultivation of Land, and Rotation of Crops. 

IV. — Buildings necessary on Cultivated Lands — Dwelling Houses, 
Farmeries, and Cottages for Labourers. 

V. — Laying-out Farms, Roads, Fences, and Gates. 

VI. — Plantations — Young and old Timber. 

VII. — Meadows and Embankments, Beds of Rivers, Water Courses, 
and Flooded Grounds. 

VIII. — Land Draining, Open and Covered, — Plan, Execution, and 
Arrangement between Landlord and Tenant. 

IX. — Minerals — Working and Value. 

X. — Expenses of an Estate — Regulations of Disbursements— and 
Relation of the appropriate Expenditures. 

XL — Valuation of Landed Property ; of the Soil, of Houses, of Woods, 
of Minerals, of Manorial Rights, of Royalties, and of Fee Farm Rents. 

XII. — Land Steward and Farm Bailiff: Qualifications and Duties. 

XIII. — Manor Bailiff, Woodreve, Gardener, and Gamekeeper — their 
Position and Duties. 

XIV. — Fixed days of Audit — Half- Yearly Payments of Rents — Form 
of Notices, Receipts, and of Cash Books, General Map of Estates, and of 
each separate Farm— Concluding Observations. 









6 WORKS PUBLISHED BY MR. WE ALE. 



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